President Trump and Israel During His Second Term

Trump Is Elected 47th President
Key Staff and Advisers
Trump Wastes No Time
The Palestinian Issue
Anti-Semitism Order
Pressure on Iran
Netanyahu Meets Trump
The Riviera of the Middle East
Rubio in Israel
Aftermath of the Bibas Family’s Release
Trump Strikes the Houthis
Trump Pressures Israel
Trump Imposes Tariff on Israeli Goods
Bibi Returns to Washington
Iran Talks

Trump Is Elected 47th President

In a stunning comeback, Donald Trump convincingly defeated Vice President Kamala Harris to become the 47th President of the United States and only the second person ever to win a second consecutive term. It was the narrowest victory in years, with Trump winning the popular vote for the first time in three tries by just 1.5%. His victory speech raised some Jewish eyebrows when he boasted about building “the biggest, the broadest, the most unified coalition...in all of American history.” He said it included “union, non-union, African American, Hispanic American, Asian American, Arab American, Muslim American.” Jews, who preferred Harris by more than two to one, were not mentioned.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was the first world leader to congratulate Trump. “Congratulations on history’s greatest comeback!” he said. Your historic return to the White House offers a new beginning for America and a powerful recommitment to the great alliance between Israel and America. This is a huge victory!”

Netanyahu’s intentionally fawning remarks were not likely to assuage Trump’s grudge over the prime minister’s similar congratulations following Joe Biden’s 2020 victory in the “stolen election.”

Israelis overwhelmingly supported Trump, who many believed had been the most pro-Israel president in history, and were thrilled by his victory. Trump said very little during the campaign about his intentions for the second term; nevertheless, some Israelis expected him to give Israel carte blanche to pursue its interests. For example, Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich, who was persona non grata in Washington during the Biden administration, said he believed Israel would now have an “important opportunity” to “apply Israeli sovereignty to the settlements in  Judea and Samaria.”

Arab Americans, who spurned Harris because her administration supported Israel, also had high hopes that a second Trump term would be more sympathetic toward the Palestinians than the first, which was marked by cuts in aid and a dismissal of their concerns. Bishara Bahbah, a Palestinian American who served as national chairman of Arab Americans for Trump, claimed the former president told him he recognized Palestinians need a state of their own and that he “100%” supports a two-state solution.

In his first conversation with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas since 2017, Abbas congratulated Trump on his victory. Trump reportedly told him he would work to end the war in Gaza. They had previously corresponded after the July 13, 2024, assassination attempt against Trump. Abbas had written to the former president, “Acts of violence must not have a place in a world of law and order,” and Trump responded, “Mahmoud, so nice. Thank you. Everything will be good.”

Key Staff and Advisers

Many of the new administration’s top positions will be held by Jews, including his Middle East envoy, Steven Witkoff, who played a key role in the hostage negotiations. Nevertheless, some of Israel’s supporters were concerned by Trump’s isolationist campaign and the lack of specificity with which he addressed foreign policy issues in general and those relating to the Middle East specifically. The key architect of his most popular decisions regarding Israel was his son-in-law, Jared Kushner, who said he would not join the new administration but was still expected to be an informal adviser. The pro-Israel community was reassured when he chose two hawks with records of supporting Israel and criticizing Iran as his National Security Adviser (Rep. Mike Waltz) and Secretary of State (Marco Rubio).

A new voice in the president’s ear presenting a different perspective on Middle East policy is Lebanese Christian billionaire Massad Boulos, whose son is married to Trump’s daughter Tiffany. A naturalized U.S. citizen, Boulos played a role in convincing Arab Americans to vote for Trump, or at least not for Harris, and expected to play a part in negotiations for a ceasefire in Lebanon, but the agreement was made before Trump came into office. 

Boulos said, “Trump’s policy in the Middle East is to achieve a lasting peace and to achieve this, it must be just and comprehensive, with the need for an economic plan to accompany any solution, because the economic recovery of the Palestinians is crucial to the sustainability of peace.” Boulos added the president-elect is “against wars and the killing of civilians in general, but when it comes to the Middle East, his policy is to achieve a lasting peace.”

According to Boulos, Trump was preparing “a new nuclear agreement with Iran that will be acceptable to the Iranians, neighboring countries, and the United States.”

Trump Wastes No Time

In his inaugural address on January 20, 2025, Trump took credit for the deal to release Israeli hostages, ignoring the role of the Biden administration, and declared: “My proudest legacy will be that of a peacemaker and unifier.” Then, as he promised during his campaign, Trump got right to work signing dozens of executive orders and rescinding many of those issued by his predecessor. Among his first actions were to lift sanctions on Jewish settlers and reinstate restrictions on the staff of the International Criminal Court. He also reversed his predecessor’s decision to remove the Houthis from the list of foreign terrorist organizations.

Trump also ordered the suspension of U.S. foreign assistance programs for 90 days while they are reviewed for alignment with his policy goals. That has been interpreted as a precursor to cutting aid to the Palestinians and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). The order did not apply to Israel. Despite the isolationist slant of the administration and opposition to foreign assistance in general, Trump was expected to continue support for Israel and, in one of his first actions, ordered the transfer of 2,000-pound bombs embargoed by President Biden.

During a celebration of his victory, he brought the families of Israeli hostages on stage during his victory celebration. “The work begins. We won, but now we have to bring them home,” he said of the remaining hostages. 

“Some of the folks here are former hostages. Not a good situation. The three young ladies who came home - they were hurt. One had her fingers blown off. She was trying to defend herself from a bullet, can you believe this? A bullet,” he said. “I don’t know, it’s a disgrace. We never stopped praying for you. We’re so glad you’re reunited with your friends and families.”

“Some just want us to bring home their son’s body. It should have never happened. Three years, ridiculous. Shouldn’t have happened. Wouldn’t have happened,” he added before restating his frequent claim that October 7 would not have occurred had he been president.

At the White House, Trump was asked if he was confident that the ceasefire in Gaza would last. “I’m not confident,” Trump replied. “It’s not our war. It’s their war. I’m not confident, but they’re very weakened on the other side.”

Speaking of Gaza, Trump said it’s like a “massive demolition site” and that it’s “really got to be rebuilt in a different way.” He observed it is a “phenomenal location on the sea” with the best weather and that “some fantastic things could be done with Gaza.”

As to the day after the war, Trump stated, “You certainly can’t have the people that were there. Most of them are dead.” He added, “They didn’t exactly run it well. They run viciously and badly” and “you can’t have that.”

Netanyahu sent a congratulatory message praising Trump for his first term as president and expressing optimism about future collaboration, stating, “I believe that working together again, we will raise the U.S.-Israel alliance to even greater heights” and will “complete the defeat of Iran’s terror axis and usher in a new era of peace and prosperity for our region.”

Additionally, Netanyahu thanked Trump for his role in the ceasefire-hostage release deal and said, “I am sure, Mr. President, that under your leadership, the best days of our alliance are yet to come.”

Netanyahu also said he looked forward to building on the Abraham Accords. Trump has also prioritized this and expressed the expectation that he could negotiate a Saudi-Israeli normalization agreement that Biden could not complete because the Saudis would not act while Israel was in Gaza.

The prime minister was far less enthusiastic about the hostage agreement that Trump had pressured him to sign. Netanyahu repeatedly warned it would not prevent Israel from a resumption of fighting if, as Trump warned, the deal fell apart. Trump’s incoming national security adviser, Mike Waltz, made clear the president would support Israel “in doing what it has to do” if Hamas violated the agreement. Waltz also reassured Israelis that “Hamas will never govern Gaza. That is completely unacceptable.”

Cleaning House

Trump campaigned on dismantling what he has called the “deep state.” A good example of the bureaucrats he is referring to are the Arabists. Entrenched in various agencies, particularly the State Department, these career officials have historically exerted a significant and, at times, detrimental impact on U.S. Middle East policy.

In a promising move, the president called for the resignation of numerous high-ranking career diplomats, paving the way for a new approach. Trump authorized the appointment of individuals who had served during his first term to fill these roles. As the Washington Post noted, “Requesting the resignations is the prerogative of any incoming administration.”

Secretary of State Rubio emphasized that the Department would prioritize Trump’s “America First” agenda, which conflicts with Rubio’s more global outlook in some areas, such as the Middle East. Nevertheless, in one of his first calls as Secretary, Rubio spoke to Netanyahu “to underscore that maintaining the United States’ steadfast support for Israel is a top priority for President Trump.”

On January 28, 2025, under Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth, the Pentagon canceled 11 annual observances, including Holocaust remembrance events, as part of the Trump administration’s broader effort to dismantle diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives. The move has sparked outrage from Jewish organizations and minority rights groups.

The Palestinian Issue

In his first term, President Trump was generally seen as hostile toward the Palestinians, cutting off direct aid and indirect assistance through UNRWA. Nevertheless, he introduced a peace plan that recognized the principle of two states for two people. It called for the creation of a demilitarized Palestinian state in all of Gaza, approximately 70% of the West Bank, and, as compensation for the area annexed to Israel, “reasonably comparable” territorial swaps. Israel was lukewarm toward the plan, and the Palestinians rejected it out of hand.

In negotiations with the Biden administration over normalizing relations with Israel, Saudi Arabia insisted that Israel agree to the establishment of a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital. A statement to that effect by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS) in September 2024 was widely interpreted as a death blow to the administration’s hopes for a “Grand Bargain,” given Israel’s adamant opposition to the idea. However, MBS was not seen as firmly committed to the Palestinian cause if it risked derailing his primary goals: a defense treaty, advanced weaponry, and nuclear cooperation with the United States. The Biden State Department appeared intent on using the talks with MBS as leverage to pressure Israel into accepting its long-sought two-state solution, naively assuming it would lead to lasting regional stability.

For the Trump administration, the central question was whether to grant Saudi Arabia’s demands for U.S. support while pressuring Israel on the Palestinian issue or encourage MBS to set aside his conditions. Historical precedent suggested that the latter option might be achievable. Egypt and Jordan signed peace treaties with Israel, prioritizing their national interests over the Palestinian cause. Likewise, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates joined the Abraham Accords, signaling they would no longer allow their policies to be dictated by Palestinian vetoes.

When asked whether Trump supported a two-state solution to secure Saudi normalization, Congressman Waltz clarified: “Well, President Trump’s plan in his first term laid out a pathway to a two-state solution, but with critical qualifiers that had to be in place first—like stopping the radicalization of Palestinian youth. There were very specific components in the plan detailing how things would be divided. But I do think we can move forward to the next round of the Abraham Accords.”

The Saudis may ultimately be satisfied if the Palestinians are offered a pathway to statehood, even if it remains heavily contingent on numerous preconditions. The Trump peace plan, which outlines such a pathway while including enough safeguards to prevent the rapid emergence of a Palestinian state, could serve as the foundation for a deal that satisfies all parties involved.

Before getting to those talks, Trump spoke to MBS during his first call to a foreign leader. MBS said Saudi Arabia would invest at least $600 billion in the United States over the next four years. Trump said he wants that amount to be increased to one trillion. The president also criticized the kingdom for not lowering oil prices, which he thought would happen before the election.

On January 20, 2025, President Trump rescinded Biden-era sanctions on far-right Israeli settler groups accused of violence in the West Bank. The move, reversing Executive Order 14115, aligns with Trump’s prior lack of objection to settlements.

On January 25, 2025, the White House directed the Pentagon to lift a hold placed by the Biden administration on the supply of 1,800 MK-84 2,000-pound bombs to Israel. President Biden implemented this suspension due to concerns about the risk of significant civilian casualties if the bombs were used in densely populated areas of Gaza. The Biden administration had previously notified Congress of an $8 billion arms sale to Israel that included munitions for fighter jets and attack helicopters, as well as artillery shells.

On the same day, President Trump suggested that Egypt and Jordan take in Palestinian refugees from Gaza, stating, “we just clean out that whole thing...I’d rather get involved with some of the Arab nations, and build housing in a different location, where they can maybe live in peace for a change.” However, both countries, as well as the Palestinians, have rejected the idea. Egypt and Jordan fear the displacement of Palestinians could hinder the creation of a Palestinian state, and the potential for militant groups to move with the refugees poses a security threat to Egypt. Palestinians also fear that leaving Gaza may mean they will never be able to return. Some Israeli officials, like Bezalel Smotrich, have supported the idea. The U.S. could use tariffs or sanctions to pressure Egypt and Jordan, which risks alienating key regional allies.

Not backing down, Trump reiterated his desire to see the Gazans relocated after a call with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah Al-Sissi. “It just seems to me there’s been various civilizations on that strip and, you know, it didn’t start here. It started thousands of years before, and there’s always been violence associated with it. So I think you could get people living in areas that are a lot safer and maybe a lot better and maybe a lot more comfortable.”

The president also issued a thinly veiled threat: “I wish he would take some. We helped them a lot, and I’m sure he’d help us. He’s a friend of mine. He’s in a very rough part of the world, to be honest. As they say, It’s a rough neighborhood. But I think he would do it, and I think the King of Jordan would do it too.”

On January 28, 2025, President Trump officially invited Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to the White House. Netanyahu will be the first foreign leader to visit the White House during Donald Trump’s second term. Netanyahu will meet with the president in the Oval Office on February 4, 2025. In the official invitation, Trump stated that he is looking forward to discussing ways to achieve peace for Israel and its neighbors and confront shared adversaries.

Trump’s Invitation Letter to Netanyahu

In advance of his meeting with Netanyahu, Trump said Palestinians would have to leave Gaza and be “thrilled” to do so. “If we could find the right piece of land, or numerous pieces of land, and build them some really nice places with plenty of money in the area… I think that would be a lot better than going back to Gaza,” he added.

In another instance of moral equivalence, Trump said the Palestinians only stay in Gaza because they have no alternative. He asked rhetorically how anyone could live in the devastation of Gaza now where “There’s bombing all over the place — on both sides.”

He was more equivocal about Israeli right-wing plans to rebuild settlements in Gaza. When asked if he supported the idea, he said, “Not necessarily...I just support cleaning it up and doing something with it.”

Anti-Semitism Order

On January 29, 2025, President Trump signed an executive order that directs federal agencies to identify and use civil and criminal authorities to combat anti-Semitism, including investigating pro-Hamas graffiti and intimidation, particularly on college campuses. The order also calls for the deportation of resident aliens, including students with visas, who broke laws during anti-Israel protests following the October 7, 2023, terrorist attacks. This action follows a House Republican report that calls for conditioning federal aid to colleges to enforce stricter policies against anti-Jewish bias. The executive order comes after Trump previously suggested deporting pro-Hamas students on visas and signed another order that included language about ensuring that aliens in the U.S. do not support designated foreign terrorists. Trump’s move to crack down on anti-Semitism also includes potentially withholding federal funds.

Following the executive order, on February 3, 2025, the U.S. Justice Department announced the formation of a multi-agency Task Force to Combat Anti-Semitism. Led by Senior Counsel Leo Terrell and coordinated through the Civil Rights Division, the Task Force will prioritize addressing anti-Semitic harassment in schools and colleges. It will include representatives from the Departments of Education, Health and Human Services, and other agencies. The initiative underscores the administration’s commitment to eradicating anti-Semitism, and individuals facing discrimination can file complaints with the Civil Rights Division.

Trump signed a pair of executive orders on February 4, withdrawing the United States from the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and halting funding for UNRWA. This decision marks a return to policies from his previous administration and coincides with his meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu the following day. The announcement comes after the Biden administration paused UNRWA funding due to allegations of staff involvement in the October 7 Hamas attack. The U.S. has consistently criticized the council for being biased against Israel and for providing cover to human rights violators. According to a White House fact sheet, the council has failed in its mission and disproportionately targets Israel. Notably, the U.S. is not a current member of the HRC. Another executive order called for a review of U.S. funding and involvement in the United Nations.

On the same day, it was reported that the Trump administration is urging Congress to approve a $1 billion arms transfer to Israel, including 4,700 1,000-pound bombs, JDAM bomb guidance kits, and Caterpillar armored bulldozers, as it seeks to maintain a fragile ceasefire in Gaza. This push coincides with Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu’s visit to Washington, where he is also advocating for a separate $8 billion weapons deal previously requested by the Biden administration but delayed by Democratic lawmakers. The proposed deals come as Israel navigates tensions with Hezbollah in Lebanon and ongoing conflicts in Gaza.

On March 4, 2025, President Trump announced that all federal funding would be revoked from educational institutions that permit “illegal protests,” an implicit reference to anti-Israel, anti-Semitic demonstrations. He warned that foreign agitators will face imprisonment or deportation, while American students involved will face permanent expulsion or possible arrest, depending on the offense. Additionally, it prohibits the use of masks during protests.

Days later, Mahmoud Khalil, a Palestinian activist and former Columbia University student, was arrested by federal immigration authorities, allegedly on a State Department order to revoke his green card. Khalil, a key figure in Columbia’s pro-Palestinian protest movement, was taken into custody at his university-owned apartment and later transferred to an immigration detention center in New Jersey. His arrest is seen as part of President Trump’s broader effort to deport international students involved in anti-Israel protests amid a crackdown on campus anti-Semitism. Trump later commented that “Khalil’s deportation will be “the first of many to come.” However, a federal judge in New York City ordered the activist not to be deported while the court considered the lawsuit challenging his detention.

In February, the Justice Department launched an anti-Semitism task force, which has since notified 10 universities of campus visits and revoked $400 million in contracts with Columbia University, citing anti-Semitic harassment. The joint task force includes representatives from the Departments of Education and Health and Human Services. It is led by civil rights attorney Leo Terrell, who intimated Trump was to blame for anti-Semitism in a 2020 interview when he said, “There has been a rise in antisemitic violence this year during the Trump administration, there’s a rise in antisemitic violence in New York, Trump’s home state.” Like many Trump critics, he later became a supporter of his reelection.

Meanwhile, the U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued warning letters to 60 universities under investigation for Title VI violations related to antisemitic harassment, emphasizing their obligation to protect Jewish students’ rights on campus. Secretary of Education Linda McMahon criticized elite institutions for failing to ensure student safety and reaffirmed that federal funding is contingent on compliance with anti-discrimination laws. The enforcement action follows President Trump’s executive order to combat anti-Semitism, with OCR prioritizing the resolution of long-standing complaints. 

The administration’s mass firings will severely hamper the department’s ability to carry out its mandate. Half of the 12 regional civil rights offices are being eliminated. In 2024, OCR had 588 employees who handled more than 22,000 complaints. 

A March 2025 report by the UNHRC’s Commission of Inquiry on Israel accused the country of committing “genocidal acts,” including systematic gender-based violence against Palestinians since October 7, 2023, allegedly perpetrated by the IDF and Israeli settlers. U.S. Ambassador-designate to the UN, Elise Stefanik, condemned the report as anti-Semitic and anti-Israel slander, criticizing its failure to address Hamas’ atrocities, including mass murder, torture, kidnapping, and sexual violence against Israeli civilians. She argued that the report reflects the UNHRC’s obsessive anti-Semitism and reaffirmed the justification for President Trump’s decision to withdraw from the council.

The Trump administration revived the hyphenated spelling of “anti-Semitism” in official communications, continuing a trend from his earlier term. This move sparked debate, as many Jewish organizations, scholars, and media outlets had adopted the unhyphenated “antisemitism” in recent years, including the Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Holocaust scholar and former anti-Semitism Envoy Deborah Lipstadt, who championed the unhyphenated version, argued that the hyphenated form misleadingly implies a racial category of “Semites” rather than focusing on hatred of Jews. While some, like the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), believe the unhyphenated spelling clarifies the term’s meaning, critics argue that the debate over spelling detracts from addressing the real issue of anti-Semitism.

Pressure on Iran

On February 4, 2025, President Trump reinstated his “maximum pressure” campaign on Iran, aiming to curb its nuclear ambitions and reduce its oil exports to zero. The directive instructs the U.S. Treasury to impose strict sanctions and enforcement measures. This move aligns with Trump’s first-term strategy, which sought to weaken Iran’s economy and force it into negotiations over its nuclear and ballistic missile programs.

The same day, Trump said he’d given his advisers instructions if Iran assassinated him: “I’ve left instructions if they do it, they get obliterated, there won’t be anything left.”

Trump also reiterated his willingness to meet and negotiate with Iran’s leaders while noting the country was getting close to having a nuclear weapon. He added that the United States had the right to block Iranian oil sales.

Iranian leader Ali Khamenei took little time to squash hope for negotiations, declaring that engaging with the U.S. would not be “intelligent, wise or honorable” and warned: “ If they threaten us, we will threaten them in return. If they act on their threats, we will act on ours. If they violate the security of our nation, we will, without a doubt, respond in kind.”

On February 9, 2025, Trump stated that he preferred negotiating a deal with Iran over “bombing the hell out of it,” believing that Iran would opt for diplomacy to avoid conflict. He suggested that such a deal would prevent Israel from attacking Iran but declined to share the specifics of his negotiation approach. While hinting at a firm stance, he implied that his offer to Iran would be forceful enough to deter its current course, stating cryptically that he “won’t bomb them” but would not disclose what he would offer in return.

Meanwhile, top commanders in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) told Khamenei that Tehran needs nuclear weapons to counter “existential threats” from the West. “We have never been this vulnerable, and it may be our last chance to obtain one before it’s too late,” one official was quoted as telling The Telegraph. Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian said publicly that Iran was not seeking a nuclear weapon.

On March 7, 2025, Trump expressed his desire to negotiate a nuclear deal with Iran. He sent a letter to its leadership, reportedly addressed to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, urging talks as a preferable alternative to escalation. Trump emphasized that negotiations would benefit Iran and warned against pursuing a nuclear weapon.

Iran dismissed Trump’s offer of talks as “nothing new,” criticizing his approach as a cycle of slogans, threats, temporary actions, and retreats. It accused the U.S. of inconsistency, pointing to Trump’s shifting stance—from avoiding confrontation to imposing maximum pressure and sanctions, then seeking negotiations.

Trump subsequently upped the ante, saying, “We have a situation with Iran that something is going to happen very soon, very, very soon,” Trump told reporters on March 7 in the Oval Office. “You’ll be talking about that pretty soon, I guess. Hopefully, we can have a peace deal. I’m not speaking out of strength or weakness; I’m just saying I’d rather see a peace deal than the other. But the other will solve the problem.”

Separately, Trump told Fox Business, “I’m not sure that everybody agrees with me, but we can make a deal that would be just as good as if you won militarily.” Referring to the letter he sent to Khamenei, Trump added, Something is going to happen one way or the other. I hope that Iran, and I’ve written them a letter, saying I hope you’re going to negotiate because if we have to go in militarily, it’s going to be a terrible thing for them.”

Later, Axios revealed Trump’s letter also gave Iran a two-month deadline for reaching a new nuclear deal.

Khamenei called the letter and his proposal a “deception,” but the Iranian mission to the UN issued a statement suggesting that Tehran was open to negotiations. However, it added the caveat “that if the aim of the talks is “the dismantlement of Iran's peaceful nuclear program to claim that what Obama failed to achieve has now been accomplished, such negotiations will never take place.”

Trump continued to issue threats after sending the missive. The U.S. is “down to the final moments” with Iran. “We can’t let them have a nuclear weapon. Something is going to happen very soon. I would rather have a peace deal than the other option but the other option will solve the problem,” he said.

Adam Boehler, President Trump’s envoy for hostage affairs, suggested U.S. support for partnering with Israel against Iran’s nuclear program, referencing Trump’s past actions against Iranian leadership.

The rhetoric continued to grow more heated as Iran rejected direct negotiations with the United States, and Trump told NBC News, “If they don’t make a deal, there will be bombing.” He backed off slightly by adding, “There’s a chance that if they don’t make a deal, that I will do secondary tariffs on them like I did four years ago.”

Khamenei responded with his own warning, “The enmity from the U.S. and Israel has always been there. They threaten to attack us, which we don’t think is very probable, but if they commit any mischief, they will surely receive a strong reciprocal blow.” 

Amid a continuing buildup of U.S. forces in the region, the administration called on Iran to negotiate directly with the United States “to avoid a situation in which negotiators are on different floors of the same hotel passing messages back and forth, for months or years on end.” The U.S. wants Iran to give up its nuclear and ballistic missile programs. 

Iran’s top leaders—including the president, judiciary chief, and parliament speaker—urged Khamenei to reverse his public stance against engaging with the U.S. and allow nuclear talks with the Trump administration. Facing a collapsing economy, widespread shortages, and the threat of military strikes on key nuclear facilities, they warned that refusing negotiations could endanger the Islamic Republic’s survival. Khamenei reluctantly agreed to indirect talks, with the possibility of direct negotiations if progress was made. On March 28, Iran formally responded to Trump’s letter, signaling its willingness to negotiate.

Netanyahu Meets Trump

Netanyahu was the first foreign leader to meet with President Trump after he began his second term. During a press conference before their meeting, Trump surprised reporters by saying that Saudi Arabia isn’t demanding a Palestinian state as a precondition for normalization with Israel. This contradicted what MBS had said a few weeks earlier and what the Saudi government repeated soon after the president’s remarks. Trump said, “Everyone is asking for one thing—peace.”

Trump also backtracked from his support of a Palestinian state in his last term.  “Well, a lot of plans change with time. A lot of death has occurred since I left and now came back,” he said. “Now we are faced with a situation that’s different...in some ways better, in some ways worse.”

The big news, however, came in the press conference after they met when Trump announced: “The U.S. will take over the Gaza Strip...We’ll own it, and be responsible for dismantling all of the dangerous, unexploded bombs and other weapons on the site.”

Asked if he was planning a “permanent occupation” of Gaza, Trump said: “I do see a long-term ownership position,” which he claimed would bring “great stability” to the region. The president, who has frequently criticized the use of American troops in foreign lands, went so far as to acknowledge the possibility of sending U.S. soldiers to participate in his plan.

Trump also reiterated that some two million Palestinians would be relocated so that Gaza could be rebuilt, but he did not commit to allowing them to return to their homes. Instead, he talked about  ”the world’s people,” including Palestinians, coming to what he said could become “the Riviera of the Middle East” and “supply unlimited numbers of jobs and housing for the people of the area.”

The prime minister looked as gobsmacked as reporters while Trump explained that Gaza had been “absolutely destroyed” and the people who have been “living in hell” would “now be able to live in peace.” Trump said it was time to “do something different” because “if you go back, it’s gonna end up the same way it has for a hundred years.” Reassuringly, he concluded, “We’ll make sure that it’s done world class. It will be wonderful for the people. Palestinians, Palestinians, mostly we’re talking about, and I have a feeling that despite them saying no, I have a feeling that the king in Jordan and that the general in Egypt will open their hearts and will give us the kind of land that we need to get this done, and people can live in harmony and in peace.”

Netanyahu smiled through the press conference and expressed his gratitude to the president. Responding to Trump’s ideas about Gaza, he said, “ I think it’s something that could change history, and it’s worthwhile really pursuing this avenue.” He added, “You see things others refuse to see. You say things others refuse to say. And then, after the jaws drop, people scratch their heads. And they say, ‘You know, he’s right.’ And this is the kind of thinking that enabled us to bring the Abraham Accords.”

Trump’s remarks on Gaza overshadowed the two main issues Netanyahu had come to discuss – the hostages and Iran. Regarding the former, Netanyahu thanked Trump for his role in bringing hostages home and reiterated his three goals: “three goals, destroy Hamas’s military and governing capabilities, secure the release of all of our hostages and ensure that Gaza never again poses a threat to Israel.”

Some analysts had suggested Netanyahu was anxious to end the ceasefire and resume fighting in Gaza at the expense of the remaining hostages, prompting a reporter to ask whether the prime minister had given him guarantees to maintain the ceasefire. Trump did not answer the question, saying, “Well, I can’t tell you whether or not the ceasefire will hold. We’ve done I think a very masterful job. We weren’t helped very much by the Biden administration. I can tell you that. But we’ve gotten quite a few hostages out. We’re going to get more out. But we’re dealing with very complex people, and we are going to see whether or not it holds.” He also added a threat that if all the hostages were not released “it will just make us somewhat more violent, I will tell you that, because they would have broken their word.”

On Iran, Trump repeated the falsehood that his sanctions on Iran in his first term had “starved Hamas and Iran’s other terrorist proxies.” He said earlier in the day he restored those sanctions, which he said would “drive Iranian oil exports to zero and diminish the regime’s capacity to fund terror throughout the region and throughout the world.” Trump said he lamented having to impose sanctions on Iran, whose people he called “industrious,” “beautiful,” and “unbelievable.”

Netanyahu praised Trump and said the two saw “eye to eye on Iran,” which he said “tried to kill us both.” He added, “We’re both committed to rolling back Iran’s aggression in the region and ensuring that Iran never develops a nuclear weapon.”

Netanyahu was less happy to hear Trump say, “I would love to be able to make a great deal, a deal where you can get on with your lives and you’ll do wonderfully.” Israel believes that Iran’s nuclear capability must be destroyed. The prime minister said he and the president agreed that “Iran cannot have a nuclear weapon” and diplomatically added, “If this goal can be achieved by a maximum pressure campaign, so be it. But I think the most important thing is to focus on the goal.”

In an implicit criticism of President Biden’s policies clearly meant to assuage Trump’s still-simmering anger over Netanyahu congratulating Biden in 2020, Netanyahu turned to the president and said, “You are the greatest friend Israel has ever had in the White House....You freed up munitions that have been withheld from Israel, they had been withheld from Israel in the midst of a seven-front war for our existence. And you just freed it. You ended unjust sanctions against law abiding Israeli citizens. You boldly confronted the scourge of anti-Semitism. You stopped funding, as you just said, international organizations like UNRWA that support and fund terrorists.”

The reaction to Trump’s Gaza plan was unsurprisingly negative from Democrats, Europeans, and Arab states. For example, Senator Chris Murphy (D-CT) posted, “He’s totally lost it. A US invasion of Gaza would lead to the slaughter of thousands of U.S. troops and decades of war in the Middle East. It’s like a bad, sick joke.”

Annalena Baerbock, Germany’s foreign minister, called the proposal “unacceptable” and against international law; a French spokesperson said Paris is “fully opposed to the displacement of populations” and called Trump’s proposal “dangerous” for regional stability; and British Prime Minister Keir Starmer said Palestinians “must be allowed home” to rebuild.

“Trump’s remarks about his desire to control Gaza are ridiculous and absurd, and any ideas of this kind are capable of igniting the region,” Hamas official Sami Abu Zuhri told Reuters.

Riyad Mansour, the Palestinian Authority’s envoy to the United Nations, said: “For those who want to send [Gazans] to a happy nice place, let them go back to their original homes inside Israel — there are nice places there, and they will be happy to return to those places.”

The Saudi Foreign Ministry said, “The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia also reaffirms its unequivocal rejection of any infringement on the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people, whether through Israeli settlement policies, land annexation, or attempts to displace the Palestinian people from their land.”

Despite the criticism, Trump did not back down, posting that “The Gaza Strip would be turned over to the United States at the conclusion of fighting.” He said the Palestinians “would have already been resettled in far safer and more beautiful communities, with new and modern homes, in the region. They would actually have a chance to be happy, safe, and free.” Meanwhile, “the U.S., working with great development teams from all over the world, would slowly and carefully begin the construction of what would become one of the greatest and most spectacular developments of its kind on earth.” Then, clarifying a point that had concerned even his supporters, he concluded, “No soldiers by the U.S. would be needed! Stability for the region would reign!!!”

Israel appeared prepared to help implement the plan. “I welcome the bold initiative of U.S. President Trump, which could enable a large part of the population in Gaza to leave to various locations throughout the world,” Defense Minister Israel Katz said in a statement. “I instructed the IDF to prepare a plan that would allow any resident of Gaza who is interested to leave to any place in the world that agrees to accept them.  The plan will include exit options at land crossings as well as special arrangements for exit by sea and air.”

On February 6, 2025, in another positive step for Israel, Trump signed an executive order imposing sanctions on the International Criminal Court (ICC) in response to its investigations targeting the U.S. and its allies, including Israel. The order enforces financial and visa sanctions on individuals and their families who assisted in ICC investigations involving U.S. citizens or allies. Trump acted after Democrats prevented the Senate from adopting a sanctions bill that the House of Representatives had previously adopted. A week later, the U.S. Department of the Treasury imposed sanctions on ICC Chief Prosecutor Karim Khan. The sanctions include asset freezes, a ban on commercial dealings with U.S. entities, and a travel restriction, potentially impacting Khan’s family. The order also penalizes anyone aiding Khan in circumventing the sanctions. The ICC condemned the move.

The following day, it was reported that the United States had approved a military sale to Israel worth $7.41 billion, including guided munitions, bombs, and related equipment. The Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) has notified Congress of the approval. As part of the deal, funded through U.S. military aid, Israel will purchase 3,000 AGM-114 Hellfire missiles at an estimated cost of $660 million, along with 2,166 GBU-39 bombs, approximately 13,000 JDAM guidance kits for bombs of various weights, and 17,475 FMU-152A/B fuzes in a separate $6.75 billion transaction. The Hellfire missiles are expected to be delivered in 2028, while the other munitions will arrive in 2025.

The Riviera of the Middle East

After seeing the emaciated Israeli men released by Hamas, Trump said they “looked like Holocaust survivors” and warned, “At some point, we’re gonna lose our patience.” The next day, Hamas announced it would not release more hostages because of alleged Israeli violations of the ceasefire agreement. Only 16 of the 33 due to be turned over to Israel in the first phase had returned home. Trump later said that the ceasefire should be canceled if all the hostages were not released by 12 p.m. on February 16. He added, “Let all hell break loose.”

Trump also continued to insist he was serious about his plan for Gaza, though some details changed and others remained ambiguous. “As far as us rebuilding it, we may give it to other states in the Middle East to build sections of it; other people may do it, through our auspices,” he said. “But we’re committed to owning it, taking it, and making sure that Hamas doesn’t move back.”

Interestingly, he did not say the United States would own Gaza. Trump said, “I will own it.”

Trump elaborated on his real estate plan in an interview with Fox News. “We’ll build beautiful communities, safe communities — could be five, six, could be two — we’ll build safe communities, a little bit away from where they are, from where all of this danger is,” Trump said.

When asked if the Palestinians would be allowed to return after being sent away, Trump responded, “No, they wouldn’t,” explaining that “They will have much better housing.” He added, “I’m talking about building a permanent place for them.”

Trump also alluded to the billions of dollars the U.S. gives to Jordan and Egypt as an incentive for them to cooperate in taking in Palestinians. The next day, he was more explicit, saying he could “conceivably” withhold aid to Jordan and Egypt.

On February 10, 2025, Hamas announced a delay in the next release of Israeli hostages due to Israel’s alleged failure to meet the terms of the agreement, the non-return of the displaced persons, continued attacks, and the failure to supply the agreed-upon equipment. However, Hamas left the door open for the release to proceed if Israel complied with its terms. In response, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu advanced a security cabinet meeting while Defense Minister Israel Katz placed the military on high alert. The delay raised concerns about the future of the agreement. Mediators warned of a potential deal breakdown, especially after former U.S. President Trump suggested relocating Gaza’s residents. Meanwhile, Israeli negotiators returned from Qatar, having only discussed the current ceasefire phase rather than a potential next stage. Families of the hostages urged mediators to maintain the agreement, emphasizing the dire conditions of those recently freed.

Only 16 of the 33 due to be turned over to Israel in the first phase had returned home. Trump said that the ceasefire should be canceled if all the hostages were not released by 12 p.m. on February 15. He added, “Let all hell break loose.”

In one of her first official acts as Attorney General, Pam Bondi established a joint task force dedicated to investigating the perpetrators of the October 7 Hamas terror attacks and seeking justice for their victims. It is also tasked with prosecuting “antisemitic civil rights violations” and “other federal crimes” committed by Hamas supporters domestically, including on U.S. college campuses. The Department of Justice will also seek the extradition of Hamas leaders for their roles in perpetrating the attacks.  

On February 11, 2025, President Donald Trump discussed his plans for Gaza during a meeting with Jordan’s King Abdullah at the White House. Trump reiterated the intention of the U.S. to take control of Gaza, with the idea that Palestinians would live in alternative locations in Jordan or Egypt. He emphasized that the U.S. would not “buy” Gaza but would “run it properly” under U.S. authority. While Trump did not foresee Hamas meeting the deadline for hostage releases, he hinted at significant consequences if they failed to do so. King Abdullah indicated Jordan’s willingness to host 2,000 sick children from Gaza but also emphasized the importance of a solution that serves the interests of all parties involved. Trump suggested Arab states should respond to the Gaza plan with visits to the U.S.

Abdullah wanted to make no decisions until Egypt responded to Trump’s plans. Trump expressed confidence in reaching an agreement, saying he was “99%” sure something can be worked out with Egypt.”

Later, Abdullah said he had “reiterated Jordan’s steadfast position against the displacement of Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank” in his meeting with the president. “This is the unified Arab position. Rebuilding Gaza without displacing the Palestinians and addressing the dire humanitarian situation should be the priority for all.”

When asked about the prospect of Israeli annexation of the West Bank, Trump expressed confidence that the matter would “work out very well.”  He acknowledged discussions with various parties but downplayed the current focus on the West Bank, suggesting it would resolve itself “automatically.” Trump mentioned that he would soon make an announcement regarding annexation.

Meanwhile, it was reported that Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi’s visit to Washington has been postponed indefinitely. Cairo is reportedly upset over U.S. and Israeli statements about the Palestinians and has firmly rejected any proposal to allocate Egyptian land for Gaza residents. The Egyptian leader reportedly will not visit the White House so long as the Gaza relocation remains on the agenda. Additionally, Egypt has requested clarification from Washington regarding Donald Trump’s remarks on potential sanctions against the country. He also appeared to use the peace treaty with Israel as a bargaining chip, threatening to cancel the agreement. Cairo released a statement expressing the desire to cooperate with Trump and present “a comprehensive vision for the reconstruction” of the Gaza Strip that “ensures the Palestinian people stay on their land and in line with the legitimate and legal rights of this people.” Sissi also said the establishment of a Palestinian state was “the only guarantee for achieving lasting peace” in the region.

Trump also remained determined to prevent the ceasefire in Lebanon from breaking down. After agreeing to an extension of the deadline for the IDF to withdraw, he rejected Israel’s request to lengthen it further.

In an unrelated move to appease President Trump, Palestinian President Abbas ordered the end of the “pay-for-slay” program. However, it was not terminated but restructured so the funds would be distributed through the Palestinian Institution for Economic Empowerment. According to the Palestinian Authority state media WAFA, “This decision aligns with efforts to enhance the status of the State of Palestine, strengthen its legal position within the United Nations and other international institutions, and secure further international recognition and full UN membership.”

In a letter dated February 13, 2025, addressed to President Trump, a group of 145 members of Congress expressed their concern and opposition to his Gaza plan. The representatives urged President Trump to retract his statement that “advocated for the forcible removal and permanent displacement of two million people,” deeming it morally indefensible, a violation of the Geneva Convention, and a threat to U.S. interests and global standing. The letter argues that the suggestion of using American personnel to carry out such actions in a war zone is dangerous and could lead to significant casualties and increased terrorism. The members of Congress suggest that instead of pursuing this path, the U.S. should collaborate with Israel, regional partners, and global partners to uphold the ceasefire agreement and work towards a plan to make Gaza livable for its residents. They also committed to Israel’s security while advocating for a comprehensive regional agreement that includes normalization between Israel and Saudi Arabia and the establishment of an independent Palestinian state.

On February 11, Trump warned that “all hell is going to break out” if Hamas did not release “all” the Israeli hostages by 12:00 p.m. on February 15. “If all of the hostages aren’t returned by Saturday at 12 o’clock — I think it’s an appropriate time — I would say cancel” the ceasefire, he said. It was unclear if he meant noon or midnight or was referring to U.S. or Israeli time.

The caution appeared to lead Hamas to retract its threat of suspending the planned release of three more hostages. Despite the president’s firm position that all hostages should be freed, Israel chose not to press further—likely due to concerns about jeopardizing the fragile ceasefire. Instead, they accepted the release of Sagui Dekel-Chen (36), Sasha Troufanov (29), and Yair Horn (46), who had been held captive for 498 days. Trump expressed his support for whatever decision Israel made regarding its response to the deadline.

On February 19, 2025, it was reported that the Trump administration had halted all funding to the Palestinian Authority (PA) security forces as part of a broader freeze on foreign assistance, impacting the PA’s ability to maintain law and order in the West Bank and potentially prepare for governance in Gaza. While the U.S. previously funded training and reform for these forces through the Jerusalem-based Office of the Security Coordinator (USSC), the freeze has already led to cuts in training programs and delays in security-related projects. Although other donors have stepped in to mitigate the shortfall, the PA struggles with financial constraints, including partial employee salary payments.

The following month, President Donald Trump appeared to backtrack on aspects of his Gaza plan in a meeting with Irish Prime Minister Micheál Martin, stating that “no one is expelling anyone from Gaza.” This raises questions about the implementation of his earlier proposals, which had suggested Gaza as a real estate project under U.S. oversight and hinted at mass emigration of Gazans. While Israeli officials, including Prime Minister Netanyahu, initially embraced Trump’s vision, there remains uncertainty over how it would materialize, especially given regional opposition and logistical challenges in relocating Gazans.

It was reported that the U.S. and Israel had approached Sudan, Somalia, and Somaliland about resettling Palestinians from Gaza. Still, Sudan rejected the proposal, while Somalia and Somaliland denied any knowledge, with Somalia’s government firmly rejecting the idea. The initiative aligns with a broader plan previously suggested by former President Trump to relocate Gaza’s population. However, regional opposition has been strong, with no East African country publicly supporting the idea. A later report suggested that the U.S. and Israel are considering Syria as a resettlement option for Gazan citizens, with the U.S. allegedly proposing the idea to Syria’s interim government through a third party. However, a senior Syrian official denied knowledge of any such proposal from Israel or the U.S.

In April 2025, a USAID official stated that most aid to Gaza, which the Trump administration had cut, had been restored despite initial pauses following the collapse of the Israel-Hamas ceasefire negotiations. While some USAID programs remain suspended, including long-term development projects in Palestinian-controlled areas, approximately $80 million in humanitarian aid was in the pipeline when the White House initially froze it. Six of the 12 USAID programs eliminated in Gaza have been or will be reinstated. The official emphasized that Israeli authorities had approved many of these projects, viewing them as stabilizing efforts that enhance regional security and help prevent extremism. However, questions remain about the broader restructuring of USAID and its long-term impact on aid distribution.

Rubio in Israel

In his first trip to Israel as Secretary of State, Rubio literally stood by Netanyahu and Israel, stating, “The president has been very clear: Hamas cannot continue as a military or government force. And frankly, as long as it stands as a force that can govern or a force that can administer or a force that can threaten by use of violence, peace becomes impossible. They must be eliminated. It must be eradicated.”

Rubio also echoed the prime minister on Iran. “Iran is the single greatest source of instability in the region. Behind every terrorist group, behind every act of violence, behind every destabilising activity, behind everything that threatens peace and stability for the millions of people who call this region home, is Iran. And by Iran, I mean the ayatollahs. By Iran, I mean its regime, a regime who by the way, its people don’t support. The people of Iran are victims of that regime.”

Despite the tough talk, Trump made clear to Netanyahu during their meeting that he would not attack Iran and preferred to impose crippling sanctions.

Aftermath of the Bibas Family’s Release

On February 21, 2025, Adam Boehler, President Trump’s envoy for hostage affairs, condemned Hamas’s actions as “horrific” and a “clear violation” of the ceasefire after it was revealed that remains believed to be Shiri Bibas’s were those of a Gazan woman. He warned Hamas to release all hostages or face “total annihilation” and stated that Israel had informed senior U.S. officials in advance that the remains were misidentified. Boehler criticized Hamas’s apparent attempt to deceive Israel with a misidentified body.

On the same day, President Trump condemned the “barbaric” actions against the hostages, particularly the Bibas family, calling their treatment “unbelievable in the modern era.” He critiqued the condition of the hostages, comparing it to that of concentration camp survivors. Trump highlighted the differences between his administration’s approach and President Biden’s, noting that he permitted Israel to take necessary military actions while leaving the decision to continue the deal or resume the fighting to Netanyahu. Regarding Gaza’s future, Trump reiterated his proposal for a U.S.-led takeover to remove Hamas and rebuild the area into a new community, labeling Gaza as unlivable. He expressed surprise at the opposition from Jordan and Egypt to his plan despite the U.S.’s financial aid to both countries. Additionally, he criticized Israel’s past withdrawal from Gaza, referring to it as a “bad real estate deal.”

On February 22, 2025, Secretary of State Marco Rubio condemned Hamas’s treatment of hostages, citing the brutal murder of the Bibas family as further evidence of their savagery. He emphasized that all hostages must be released immediately or Hamas would face destruction. During his CPAC address, President Trump emphasized the importance of returning the bodies of deceased hostages to their families, arguing that this act is just as vital as rescuing the living. He underscored the necessity of bringing the hostages home and, in discussing the possibility of the U.S. taking over Gaza, expressed his desire to be remembered “as a peacemaker rather than a conqueror.”

On February 23, 2025, the White House announced its support for Israel’s decision to delay the release of the prisoners, citing Hamas’s “barbaric treatment” of Israeli hostages. National Security Council spokesman Brian Hughes called the delay an “appropriate response” and stated that President Donald Trump is prepared to back Israel in any course of action it chooses regarding Hamas.

On the same day, in an interview for CNN, U.S. Envoy for Middle East Peace Steven Witkoff discussed his upcoming trip to the region, focusing on advancing phase two of ceasefire negotiations between Israel and Hamas and securing the release of American hostage Edan Alexander. He stated that phase two of the deal would include securing a permanent ceasefire, ending all violence, and ensuring Hamas does not return to power in Gaza. Witkoff reaffirmed that, based on realistic assessments, Gaza’s reconstruction is expected to take 15 to 20 years. He also noted that the issue of returning displaced people to Gaza after reconstruction remains complex and is currently under discussion.

In response to the widespread rejection of his plan to relocate Gazans, Trump appeared to back away from his plan. “I’ll tell you the way to do it is my plan. I think that’s the plan that really works,” Trump said on Fox News. “But I’m not forcing it. I’m just going to sit back and recommend it. And then the U.S. would own the site, there’d be no Hamas. And they’d be developed and you’d start all over again with a clean slate.”

Still, he insisted, “if you gave people the choice between that and living in a nice community, I think I know where they’d go. But we’ll see what happens.”

He added that he didn’t understand why Israel gave up Gaza. “Somebody from Israel, I can’t tell you who, but was well known, decided to give it up. It’s one of the bad real estate deals.”

Witkoff, meanwhile, continued negotiations over the president’s proposal. He said that instead of a two-state solution, Trump was interested in improving the lives of Palestinians, which, among other things, required reforming the Palestinian education system and providing better career and quality of life prospects for the Palestinians.

On March 1, 2025, Israel agreed to a U.S.-proposed temporary ceasefire during Ramadan and Passover following a security meeting led by Netanyahu. The framework, proposed by U.S. envoy Steve Witkoff, called for the initial release of half the living hostages and the remains of deceased ones, with the rest freed if a permanent ceasefire is reached. Hamas rejected the deal. If no agreement is made, fighting will resume. The Trump administration pressured Israel to extend negotiations.

On March 5, 2025, it was reported that Trump officials, led by U.S. Envoy for Hostage Affairs Adam Boehler, engaged in unprecedented direct talks with Hamas in Doha since February regarding U.S. hostages and a potential long-term truce. This was an abrupt change in American policy, which for decades has refused to engage with terrorists. The U.S. declared Hamas a terrorist organization in 1997. While Israel was consulted, it learned some details indirectly. Discussions focused on securing the release of five Americans, but no agreement was reached. In response, Israeli Strategic Affairs Minister Ron Dermer sharply criticized Boehler during a phone call after learning about the meeting without Prime Minister Netanyahu’s prior approval. Dermer was particularly angered that Boehler discussed potential Israeli concessions, including the number of Palestinian prisoners to be released, without consulting Israel. Boehler reassured Dermer about U.S. intentions, emphasizing America’s strong alliance with Israel.. He defended the meeting as a preliminary discussion, saying no commitments had been made. Still, shortly after the tense exchange, news of the meeting was leaked, with the U.S. suspecting Israel was responsible. Boehler described recent direct talks as “very productive.” He indicated that Hamas showed openness to disarmament and stepping away from political power in exchange for a truce. He denied claims that the U.S. prioritizes American hostages over others, stating his mission is to secure the release of all hostages. When questioned about Israeli concerns over U.S. negotiations with Hamas, he acknowledged them. Still, he asserted that the U.S. is “not an agent of Israel,” and that it has “specific interests at play.” 

Boehler faced significant criticism for his handling of negotiations with Hamas, with concerns raised about his confusion between “hostages” and “prisoners” when referring to Israelis and Palestinians, respectively, and for misnaming a living American hostage. He further enraged Israel and others when he said in an interview with Hamas, “They’re actually guys like us; they’re pretty nice guys.”

His approach of trying to identify with the “human elements” of Hamas leaders has been questioned, especially given the organization’s violent history and stated intentions. Furthermore, Boehler offered contradictory statements regarding Trump’s approval of his direct talks with Hamas, and he publicly criticized Israel’s past hostage deal terms as too generous while also differentiating between American and Israeli interests. His indifference to Israel’s concerns about these negotiations has also drawn criticism. Critics note his failure to insist on the immediate release of all hostages and his naive belief that Hamas will ultimately relinquish power and weapons. These actions and statements have led to perceptions of complacency, confusion, and a dangerous naivete in his role.

U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio later described Adam Boehler’s direct meetings with Hamas on hostages in Gaza as a “one-off situation” that has not yet resulted in any progress. While acknowledging Boehler’s efforts, Rubio emphasized that the primary negotiation channel will continue through Steve Witkoff, Trump’s special envoy for the Middle East, working with Qatar on the matter.

The Trump administration proceeded with the sale of over 20,000 U.S.-made assault rifles to Israel, a $24 million transaction that the Biden administration had previously delayed due to concerns that extremist Israeli settlers could use the weapons in the West Bank. The State Department notified Congress of the sale on March 6, indicating that the end-user would be the Israeli National Police. This sale, though small in comparison to the billions in overall U.S. military aid to Israel, gained attention because of the initial delay by the Biden administration over worries about settler violence. The U.S. also accelerated the transport of other weapons through a sustained air bridge involving transport aircraft from bases in Europe, the U.S., and the Middle East. 

Meanwhile, seven freed hostages—Doron Steinbrecher, Eli Sharabi, Naama Levy, Iair Horn, Omer Shem Tov, and Keith and Aviva Siegel—met with President Trump in Washington, thanking his administration for its efforts and stressing the urgency of freeing all remaining hostages. At his office, they saw hostage posters, left personal messages, and later visited the DC chapter of the forum, learning about its advocacy since the October 7 massacre. President Trump expressed shock as the hostages recounted enduring repeated verbal, physical, and emotional abuse in Gaza, including beatings and broken ribs, without encountering any kindness or gestures of compassion from their captors.

President Trump meets with freed hostages at the Oval Office, March 5, 2025

Following the meeting, Trump issued a forceful ultimatum to Hamas: “Shalom Hamas means Hello and Goodbye – You can choose.” Calling their actions “sick and twisted,” he warned, “Not a single Hamas member will be safe if you don’t do as I say.” Urging Hamas leaders to flee Gaza, he told Gazans, “A beautiful future awaits, but not if you hold hostages. If you do, you are DEAD!” He ended with a clear demand: “RELEASE THE HOSTAGES NOW, OR THERE WILL BE HELL TO PAY LATER!” Pledging full support for Israel, he vowed to provide “everything it needs to finish the job” if Hamas does not comply.

U.S. Middle East Peace envoy Witkoff emphasized the need for deadlines in the next phase of the hostage-ceasefire deal between Israel and Hamas. He stated that the terror group has no choice but to disarm and leave the Gaza Strip, which would open the door for negotiations towards peace. Witkoff criticized the conditions in which the hostages are held, calling them “unacceptable” and “deplorable.” He also praised Qatar’s mediation efforts. The negotiations involved a framework, backed by the U.S., that proposed Hamas release 10 hostages in exchange for a 60-day ceasefire extension. An Israeli delegation led by a senior Shin Bet official has traveled to Doha for talks.

Following U.S. Middle East envoy Steve Witkoff’s visit to Qatar, a new hostage-ceasefire proposal was under discussion, with Hamas potentially releasing five living hostages and the bodies of nine deceased ones in exchange for a 50-day ceasefire. Talks on extending the deal would occur during this period, formally ending on April 20. A source expressed optimism about progress, noting that negotiation teams remain in Qatar. Witkoff is described as deeply committed to securing the hostages’ release, seeking a comprehensive rather than a partial deal, with President Trump also addressing the issue.

The following day, Hamas announced it had agreed to release American-Israeli hostage Edan Alexander and return the remains of four deceased American hostages—Omer Neutra, Itay Chen, Gadi Haggai, and Judy Weinstein Haggai—while also confirming receipt of a new phase-two ceasefire proposal from American mediators. The U.S. dismissed Hamas’s claim regarding the release of Edan Alexander and the remains of four American hostages, warning that Hamas could no longer stall negotiations. In a joint statement, U.S. envoy Steve Witkoff and the National Security Council accused Hamas of falsely projecting flexibility while privately making impractical demands for a permanent ceasefire. The U.S. warned that Hamas was making a “very bad bet” by delaying and reaffirmed that the group’s response must meet the deadline. The statement emphasized that Hamas was explicitly told via Qatari and Egyptian mediators that the U.S.’s “bridge” proposal must be implemented soon, with Edan Alexander’s immediate release as a condition.

When asked about his hopes for a hostage release by Hamas, President Trump stated: “I hope that it all works out. We’re very much into negotiations with regards to the hostages, and we’re gonna see what happens. Hopefully, it’ll work out. [It’s a] very complex situation. There’s tremendous hatred at levels that nobody’s ever seen before.”

In April 2025, former hostage Amit Soussana was honored by First Lady Melania Trump at the U.S. State Department’s 19th annual International Women of Courage Awards for her bravery in speaking out about the sexual violence she endured during her 55-day captivity by Hamas. Expressing pride in receiving the award, she emphasized the resilience instilled in her by her mother and called for urgent action to free other captives.

Trump Strikes the Houthis

On March 15, 2025, the U.S. launched large-scale military strikes against Iranian-backed Houthi targets in Yemen, marking the most significant military action of Trump’s second term. The strikes, ordered to secure Red Sea shipping lanes disrupted by Houthi attacks, targeted radars, air defenses, and missile systems. U.S. officials framed the offensive as both a direct response to recent Houthi threats against American aircraft and a warning to Iran amid nuclear negotiations. Trump, wary of deepening U.S. involvement in the Middle East, has resisted calls for broader military action but approved this operation following high-level White House discussions. 

President Trump announced he has ordered “decisive and powerful Military action” against the Houthis, blaming their “unrelenting campaign of piracy, violence, and terrorism” on President Joe Biden’s “pathetically weak” response. Trump declared that the Houthis had choked off key global shipping routes, costing the U.S. and world economy “many BILLIONS of Dollars,” and vowed to use “overwhelming lethal force” to restore freedom of navigation. Issuing a direct warning, he proclaimed, “YOUR TIME IS UP, AND YOUR ATTACKS MUST STOP, STARTING TODAY. IF THEY DON’T, HELL WILL RAIN DOWN UPON YOU LIKE NOTHING YOU HAVE EVER SEEN BEFORE!” He also threatened Iran, demanding it halt support for the Houthis or face consequences: “Do NOT threaten the American People... If you do, BEWARE, because America will hold you fully accountable and, we won’t be nice about it!”

National Security Advisor Walz emphasized that the U.S. strikes were aimed at eliminating key Houthi leaders to “cripple” their operational capabilities and reduce their threat to international shipping. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth took a more forceful stance, vowing an “unrelenting” response until the Houthis ceased their attacks, framing the campaign as essential to protecting freedom of navigation and restoring deterrence. His remarks signaled that the U.S. was prepared for military action if necessary, reinforcing Washington’s commitment to preventing further regional instability and safeguarding global maritime security.

Two days later, Trump condemned the Houthi attacks, stating, “Let nobody be fooled! The hundreds of attacks being made by Houthi, the sinister mobsters and thugs based in Yemen... all emanated from, and were created by, IRAN.” He warned that any further Houthi retaliation would be met with “great force,” adding that “there was no guarantee that that force would stop there.” Trump accused Iran of playing “the innocent victim” while actually “dictating every move, giving them the weapons, supplying them with money and highly sophisticated military equipment, and even, so-called, ’Intelligence.’” He concluded, “Every shot fired by the Houthis would be looked upon, from that point forward, as being a shot fired from the weapons and leadership of IRAN, and IRAN would be held responsible, and suffer the consequences, and those consequences would be dire!”

Iran’s UN Ambassador rejected U.S. accusations of violating arms embargoes in Yemen or engaging in regional destabilization, calling statements by President Trump and other U.S. officials “reckless and provocative.”

Trump said on March 19 that the Houthis would be “completely annihilated” by U.S. military strikes and warned Tehran to “immediately” stop supplying it with military equipment and general support. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth echoed the president’s view, posting that “Houthi attacks on American ships & aircraft (and our troops!) will not be tolerated; and Iran, their benefactor, is on notice.”

U.S. officials confirmed that the 5th Fleet was engaged in a “sustained combat operations phase.”

On April 2, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned a network of Houthi financial facilitators and procurement operatives linked to Sa’id al-Jamal, an Iranian-backed financier. This network has acquired weapons, sensitive goods, and stolen Ukrainian grain from Russia for the Houthis in Yemen. OFAC has also identified eight digital asset wallets linked to the Houthi group that are used to transfer funds. The Houthis have carried out attacks on commercial shipping in the Red Sea, threatening international trade. Sanctions under Executive Order 13224 target individuals and entities involved, including Russia-based Afghan businessmen Hushang and Sohrab Ghairat, shipping company AM Asia M6 Ltd, and money launderer Hassan Jafari. The sanctions block the U.S.-linked assets of designated persons and prohibit transactions with them, carrying potential civil or criminal penalties for violations.

Trump Pressures Israel

Many of Trump’s supporters have claimed that, unlike other presidents, Trump never pressures Israel. However, Trump admitted doing so in his first term and immediately used his influence to convince Israel to accept and keep the ceasefires in Lebanon and Gaza.

The administration also pressured Israel to extend the ceasefire in Gaza to give negotiations a chance to resolve differences over the second phase of the hostage release. Netanyahu had been chomping at the bit to resume fighting. In the meantime, he ordered that all humanitarian aid to Gaza be halted. This would have sparked a crisis with the Biden administration, but Trump did not object.

Israel was also coerced to vote against a UN resolution affirming Ukraine’s territorial integrity and condemning Russia’s invasion of the country. “There was a lot of pressure from the U.S., they really insisted,” an Israeli official told Jewish Insider. “It came at all levels, at the UN, in Washington and in Israel.” Elaborating, the source said, “We preferred to avoid this situation. We had no choice but to take a side...because we asked for a lot from [the Trump administration] in recent weeks and days, the decision was to go all the way with them.”

He also does not agree to supply everything Israel wants, such as AI processors. His administration imposed restrictions on exports of AI processors to 170 countries, including Israel. Along with several other countries, Israel is in a category that allows it to import up to 50,000 graphics processors until 2027. The limit is due to the failure to pass regulations to prevent technology leakage to China.

On the other hand, the administration approved nearly $12 billion in foreign military sales to Israel in its first 40 days. That includes $4 billion, which Rubio agreed to expedite on March 1. A day earlier, the Pentagon approved nearly $3 billion worth of bombs and other weapons. The weapons are being delivered on an emergency basis to avoid congressional review. Trump also signed legislation to keep the government open, which included nearly $4 billion in aid to Israel.

Rubio said the U.S. “will continue to use all available tools to fulfill America’s long-standing commitment to Israel’s security, including means to counter security threats.”

The administration also rescinded a Biden-era order requiring it to report potential violations of international law involving U.S.-supplied weapons by Israel and other allies. This had been the basis for some State Department officials’ unsuccessful efforts to suspend arms deliveries to Israel.

Grants to Israel worth at least $13 million were canceled due to the administration’s slashing the broader foreign assistance program and closing USAID. Though the cuts were not meant to punish Israel, Jewish Insider reported that dozens of agricultural, environmental, and health projects were affected. Also cut were peace-building projects funded through the Middle East Partnership for Peace Act. MEPPA was approved by a bipartisan majority in Congress and signed into law by Trump in 2020. USAID also funded top Israeli medical institutions, including Shaare Zedek Medical Center (which received nearly $2 million), Sheba Medical Center, and Hadassah hospitals. Though Israel has not received any funds since 2017, more than $177 million was provided up to that point through the American Schools and Hospitals Abroad (ASHA) program, which was also eliminated. Universities such as Ben-Gurion and the Weizmann Institute also have received USAID funding.

Israel Hayom reported that employees at Israeli offensive cyber companies have been receiving letters from the American embassy notifying them of the cancellation of their visas and those of their family members. This represents a continuation of the crackdown on Israeli cyber companies that began under the Biden administration.

On March 6, 2025, Trump gave a much-anticipated speech to a joint session of Congress but surprised Israelis by briefly mentioning the Middle East. With some former hostages in the audience, he said, “In the Middle East, we are bringing back our hostages from Gaza, boasted about the Abraham Accords (“the most groundbreaking peace agreements in generations”), and said he would “build on that foundation to create a more peaceful and prosperous future for the entire region.” 

Trump Imposes Tariff on Israeli Goods

On April 2, 2025, President Trump announced a 17% tariff on goods imported from Israel. This is part of a broader policy that imposes a minimum 10% tariff on nearly all imports and higher reciprocal tariffs on countries with trade deficits against the U.S., including Israel. The 17% tariff mirrors half of Israel’s existing 33% tariff on some U.S. goods and will take effect on April 9. The U.S. is Israel’s single largest trade partner, and in 2024, it imported more than $13.5 billion worth of goods from Israel.

The decision shocked Israeli officials, mainly because Israel had abolished all tariffs on U.S. goods the previous day to prevent it. This move, led by Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich in coordination with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, aimed to reinforce Israel as a preferred trade partner. Despite this, the U.S. proceeded with the tariff. Officials called the decision unjustified and vowed to push for its reversal, though Israel’s complete repeal of agricultural tariffs requires Knesset approval.

The Manufacturers Association of Israel voiced serious concerns, arguing that the justification for the 17% tariff is unclear. They warned of potential job losses, reduced business activity in the U.S. market, weakened competitiveness, and economic instability in Israel. It said exports would decline by $2.3 billion, and between 18,000 and 26,000 Israelis could lose their jobs. It added that the loss could grow to $3 billion if Trump applied the tariffs to the pharmaceutical and chip industries.

Trump framed the tariffs as a move toward “economic independence,” intended to boost U.S. manufacturing and correct trade imbalances.

Several Senate Republicans expressed surprise and concern over the Trump administration’s decision despite Israel having dropped all tariffs on U.S. goods. While the administration justified the move based on broader trade deficits and market access issues rather than reciprocal tariffs alone, lawmakers questioned the logic and timing, particularly given the close U.S.-Israel relationship. GOP Senators, including James Lankford and Ted Cruz, urged negotiations and hoped for a reversal. At the same time, Democrats condemned the move as unjustified, harmful to both nations, and inconsistent with pro-Israel rhetoric. Critics warned the tariffs could damage key industries, undermine Israel’s economic security, and inadvertently echo the goals of anti-Israel boycotts.

Bibi Returns to Washington

While visiting Hungary, Netanyahu was unexpectedly called to Washington to meet Trump. The prime minister had three main objectives: to address the Iranian nuclear threat, discuss Gaza and the hostages, and convince Trump to remove the tariff he imposed on Israeli goods. The Israeli media regarded the meeting as a disappointment, if not a failure.

Speaking at a press conference after meeting with Netanyahu on April 7, Trump shocked the Israelis by announcing that senior U.S. officials would be holding direct talks with Iran “at almost the highest level” on April 12. “We’re having direct talks with Iran, and they’ve started,” said Trump. “We have a very big meeting, and we’ll see what can happen. And I think everybody agrees that doing a deal would be preferable.”

“I think everybody agrees that doing a deal would be preferable to doing the obvious. The obvious is not something that I want to be involved with, or frankly that Israel wants to be involved with if they can avoid it,” he said. “So we’ll see if we can avoid it… It’s getting to be very dangerous territory.”

“If the talks aren’t successful,” Trump warned, “it’ll be a very bad day for Iran.”

The president had told Netanyahu of his intention, essentially forcing the prime minister to say it would be a “good thing” if diplomacy prevented Iran from getting a nuclear weapon.

Later, Iran’s Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said “indirect high-level” talks would be held in Oman. He then wrote an op-ed for the Washington Post with his own warning. “To move forward today, we first need to agree that there can be no ‘military option,’ let alone a ‘military solution,'” Araghchi wrote. “The proud Iranian nation, whose strength my government relies on for real deterrence, will never accept coercion and imposition.” He added, “We cannot imagine President Trump wanting to become another US president mired in a catastrophic war in the Middle East — a conflict that would quickly extend across the region and cost exponentially more than the trillions of taxpayer dollars that his predecessors burned in Afghanistan and Iraq.”

Trump also declined to commit to removing the tariff. “Don’t forget, we help Israel a lot,” Trump said. “We give Israel $4 billion a year, that’s a lot.” Stressing the point further, he added, “We give Israel billions of dollars a year. Billions. It’s one of the highest of anyone.”

Knowing the secret to good relations with Trump is to agree with him, Netanyahu said, “free trade has to be fair trade” and that in abolishing trade barriers with the U.S., “Israel can serve as a model for other countries that strive to do the same.”

Trump also lauded Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan as “very smart” and said he called him after the fall of Bashar Assad. “I said, ‘Congratulations, you’ve done what nobody’s been able to do in 2,000 years. You’ve taken over Syria.’ With different names, but the same thing,” Trump recounted.

“I told [Netanyahu]… ‘Bibi, if you have a problem with Turkey, I really think I’m going to be able to work it out,’” he continued.

“You know, I have a very, very good relationship with Turkey and with their leader, and I think we’ll be able to work it out,” he added.

“We’ve had neighborly relations with Turkey that have deteriorated, and we don’t want to see Syria being used by anyone, including Turkey, as a base for attack in Israel,” Netanyahu said despite Erdogan calling on Allah to “destroy Zionist Israel.” 

“We discussed how we can avoid this conflict in a variety of ways, and I think we can’t have a better interlocutor than the president of the United States for this purpose,” he added.

Reiterating his position on Gaza, Trump said, “I’d like to see the war stop. And I think the war will stop at some point that won’t be in the too distant future. Right now, we have a problem with hostages. We’re trying to get the hostages out. We got quite a few of them out, but it’s a long process. It shouldn’t be that long.” 

Before meeting with Netanyahu, Trump spoke to the leaders of Egypt, France, and Jordan, who emphasized the need “to urgently secure a ceasefire in the Gaza Strip,” resume delivery of humanitarian aid, and “the release of all the hostages.” The trio “emphasize[d] the need to create conducive conditions for a genuine political horizon and mobilize international efforts to end the suffering of the Palestinian people, restore security and peace for all, and implement the two-state solution.”

Iran Talks

Shortly after Trump wrote to Khamenei, plans were announced that Witkoff would negotiate directly with Iranians in a meeting in Oman on April 12. Key issues in the talks include oversight of uranium enrichment, inspection of suspected military sites, and restrictions on Iran’s missile program, including hypersonic weapons developed with Russian support. Iran, however, strongly opposes discussion of its missile program and demands gradual sanctions relief during negotiations. The country maintains that its nuclear ambitions are civilian, citing a fatwa by Supreme Leader Khamenei against atomic weapons. Disputes also remain over Iran’s support for militant groups and weapons transfers in the region. Russia and the EU oppose any military action and stress diplomacy. Talks are set to last 60 days, after which the U.S. has warned of severe consequences if no agreement is reached.

In yet another threat from Iran, Ali Shamkhani, an adviser to Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, posted on X, “Continued external threats and putting Iran under the conditions of a military attack could lead to deterrent measures like the expulsion of IAEA inspectors and ceasing cooperation with it.” Further, he said, “Transferring enriched material to safe and undisclosed locations in Iran could also be on the agenda.”

Trump had another warning of his own in advance of the talks in Oman: “If it requires military, we’re going to have military,” Trump said. “Israel will obviously be very much involved in that. They’ll be the leader of that. But nobody leads us, but we do what we want to do.”

The urgency of the negotiations was highlighted in the Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) report, which stated that the threat from Iran’s nuclear program has sharply increased since February 2024. The report highlights Iran’s dramatically reduced breakout time to produce a nuclear weapon and the growing public normalization of support for weaponization. Compounding the danger, ISIS noted Iran’s ongoing refusal to allow the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to verify the peaceful nature of its nuclear activities. Particularly alarming is Iran’s production of thousands of advanced centrifuges outside international oversight—fueling suspicions that Tehran may be constructing, or preparing to construct, a secret enrichment facility.

Witkoff emphasized that Iran has no legitimate need to enrich uranium beyond 3.67%, stating: “In some circumstances, they’re at 60%, in other circumstances 20%. That cannot be… You do not need to run, as they claim, a civil nuclear program where you’re enriching past 3.67%.” He added that future negotiations would focus on “verification on the enrichment program and then ultimately verification on weaponization,” including missiles and bomb triggers.

To Israel’s chagrin, the U.S. position on Iran’s nuclear program appeared focused on limiting uranium enrichment rather than dismantling the program entirely. His remarks about the need to find “compromise” and revert to positions in the Obama nuclear deal further alarmed Jerusalem, which demands a “Libyan-style” disarmament involving the complete dismantlement of Iran’s nuclear facilities under U.S. supervision.

Trump undoubtedly heard the criticism from Jerusalem and within his administration and spoke to Witkoff, who backtracked and said, “Iran must stop and eliminate its nuclear enrichment and weaponization program.”

Having previously said he would not allow Iran to drag out negotiations, he said after the first meeting, “I think they're tapping us along.”

A source told Reuters the talks were focused on what a possible deal might look like rather than starting negotiations over the terms of a deal.

Meanwhile, Iran was expected to reject a U.S. proposal to transfer its enriched uranium stockpile to a third country—likely Russia—as part of efforts to constrain its nuclear program. Russia declined to say whether it would agree to accept the uranium. Tehran insists on retaining control of the stockpile within its borders under IAEA monitoring, calling it a “guarantee” if President Trump withdraws from any future agreement.

Despite this moderation in tone, Donald Trump reiterated a hardline stance, vowing to “solve” the Iran issue if necessary by “very harsh” means. “They cannot have a nuclear weapon,” he declared. “If we have to do something very harsh, we’ll do it… Of course it does,” he said when asked if that includes military strikes.

Iran remained defiant. A spokesman for Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps stated that “national security and defense and military power are among the red lines” and “cannot be discussed or negotiated.” Iran also emphasized that indirect talks with the U.S. will only cover “the nuclear issue and the lifting of sanctions,” and will not include discussions on regional activities or missile capabilities.

On April 15, Netanyahu said that Khameini had written a post with the title, “Why must the Zionist regime be eliminated from the region.” He responded, “Well, Israel will NOT be eliminated. What must be eliminated is Iran's axis of terror and its nuclear weapons program. Not only for the sake of Israel, but for the sake of our entire region, and for the sake of peace in our world.”

Oman was mediating the talks. Iran insists they remain indirect, while Witkoff says they will be face-to-face. In their first meeting, they were only briefly in the same room. Nevertheless,  Trump said the discussions were “going OK” while stressing that “nothing matters until you get it done.”

The New York Times reported on April 16 that Israel was preparing to strike Iranian nuclear facilities as early as May, but President Trump essentially vetoed those plans in favor of pursuing diplomatic talks with Tehran. After internal U.S. debate, the administration opted for negotiations over military action, particularly given Iran’s weakened military and economic state and its recent signals of openness to indirect talks.

While some U.S. officials were open to supporting Israel's military plans, others—led by intelligence chief Tulsi Gabbard—warned it could escalate into a wider conflict. Susie Wiles, the White House chief of staff, Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth, and Vice President JD Vance also opposed the attack.

Gen. Michael E. Kurilla, the head of U.S. Central Command, and Michael Waltz, the national security adviser, were more supportive but believed the Israelis would require substantial U.S. support, including air defense and bunker-busting bombers. Trump, wary of triggering a broader war, informed Netanyahu during his White House meeting that the U.S. would not back an attack while talks were ongoing. Despite this, military assets were moved to the region, potentially for both the Houthi conflict and a contingency plan against Iran.

The Jerusalem Post then revealed that Israel considered striking Iran on several occasions, including after the Iranian missile attack on Israel on October 1, 2024. Officials believed they needed U.S. support, and Biden opposed a military attack. Some Israeli officials did not believe Israel needed the U.S. to carry out the attack and thought Netanyahu was allowing the Americans to have a veto. According to the Post, “Within Israel, the heated debate is ongoing about how long Israel can wait to attack Iran to see if Trump can get a sufficient nuclear deal to push back the Iranian nuclear threat, and whether it should still launch airstrikes or covert attacks in the event of a mediocre deal by Trump.”

The leak was just the latest of many in recent years that appeared aimed at sabotaging Israel’s intention to attack Iran. It may have also been designed to send a message to Khamenei about how close he came to losing his nuclear program and what would happen if nuclear talks do not succeed.

The U.S. was sending Iran another message by using its biggest bunker buster bombs against the Houthis. The 30,000-pound GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrators can penetrate 200 feet of concrete before exploding. These bombs could be used to damage, if not destroy, Iran’s underground nuclear facilities.

U.S. and Iranian negotiators met in Rome on April 20 for a second round of talks. Despite Trump’s original insistence on direct talks, the negotiations continued through an intermediary. The sides agreed that a meeting of experts would be held in Oman on April 23 to start designing a framework for an agreement. The Iranians said the Rome meeting focused entirely on the nuclear issue and that Tehran’s focus remained on the removal of sanctions.

The New York Times reported how the attitude of the Gulf states toward an agreement with Iran has changed since the Obama administration. “Their mind-set is different today,” explained Kristin Smith Diwan, a senior resident scholar at the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. “Under Obama, the Gulf States feared U.S. and Iran rapprochement that would isolate them. Under Trump, they fear U.S. and Iran escalation that would target them.”

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Mike Wagenheim, “USAID cuts impacting peace-building nonprofits in Israel, Judea, Samaria,” JNS, (March 20, 2025).
Itay Ilnai, “‘Don’t even try to come’: US visa revocation targets Israeli cyber industry,” Israel Hayom, (March 30, 2025).
Benjamin Weinthal, “Trump threatens to bomb Iran unless they end nuclear weapons program and begin talks on new deal,” Fox News, (March 30, 2025).
Marc Rod, “State Department foreign aid cuts slashed $13 million in Israel grants,” Jewish Insider, (March 31, 2025).
David Rosenberg, “Khamenei threatens ‘strong blow’ against Israel, US if Trump bombs Iran,” World Israel News, (March 31, 2025).
Mike Wagenheim, “Trump admin quietly reinstated some $80m in USAID funds for Gazan aid, official says,” JNS, (April 1, 2025).
“Amit Soussana among global honorees at 2025 Int’l Women of Courage Awards,” Jerusalem Post, (April 2, 2025).
“Treasury Sanctions Houthi Network Procuring Weapons and Commodities from Russia,” U.S. Department of Treasury, (April 2, 2025).
Philissa Cramer, “Trump says he will impose 10% tariff on all imports, with higher rates for some,” Jerusalem Post, (April 2, 2025).
Gad Lior, Daniel Edelson, “Trump announces sweeping tariffs, slaps Israeli imports with 17% duty under new US trade policy,” Ynet, (April 2, 2025).
Marc Rod, Emily Jacobs, “Senate Republicans hopeful Trump will drop 17% tariff on Israel,” Jewish Insider, (April 4, 2025).
Humeyra Pamuk, “US sending Israel 20,000 assault rifles that Biden had delayed, say sources,” Reuters, (April 4, 2025).
Laurence Norman and Michael R. Gordon, “U.S. to Press Iran for Direct Nuclear Talks,” Wall Street Journal, (April 4, 2025).
Viktor Nazarenko, “Iran places military on high alert after Trump's threats,” Reuters, (April 7, 2025).
“Trump lauds ‘very smart’ Erdogan for ‘taking over’ Syria, says he’ll fix Israel’s ‘problem’ with Turkey,” World Israel News, (April 8, 2025).
Lazar Berman, “Stressing the ‘billions’ US gives in aid, Trump refuses to commit to removing tariffs on Israel,” Times of Israel, (April 8, 2025).
Lazar Berman, “After softball visit to Hungary, Netanyahu strikes out in DC meeting with Trump,” Times of Israel, (April 8, 2025).
Lazar Berman, “Hosting PM, Trump announces direct nuke talks with Iran; Tehran: Indirect dialogue only,” Times of Israel, (April 8, 2025).
Itamar Eichner, “Netanyahu outlines Israel’s demands for Iran nuclear deal ahead of US-Iran talks,” Times of Israel, (April 8, 2025).
David Albright, Sarah Burkhard, Spencer Faragasso, and Mohammadreza Giveh,” Institute for Science and International Security, (April 8, 2025).
Seyed Abbas Araghchi, “Iran’s foreign minister: The ball is in America’s court,” Washington Post, (April 9, 2025).
Danny Zaken, “Significant gaps ahead of US-Iran talks: Tehran demands sanctions freeze during negotiations,” Israel Hayom, (April 9, 2025).
“Iran says it may halt cooperation with IAEA if US continues to threaten use of force,” Times of Israel, April 10, 2025).
Aamer Madhani, “Trump: Israel would be ‘leader’ of Iran strike if Tehran doesn’t give up nuclear weapons program,” AP, (April 10, 2025).
Farnaz Fassihi, “Why Iran’s Supreme Leader Came Around to Nuclear Talks With the U.S.,” New York Times, (April 11, 2025).
“US signals openness to compromise in Iran talks: ‘Red line’ is nuclear weaponizations,” Times of Israel, (April 13, 2025).
“Iran: Talks with US to stay ‘indirect,’ will only address nuclear issues and sanctions,” Times of Israel, (April 13, 2025).
Jacob Magid, “Trump: ‘I’ll solve the Iran problem; if we have to do something very harsh, we’ll do it,’” Times of Israel, (April 14, 2025).
Gram Slattery and Steve Holland, “Trump says Iran must give up dream of nuclear weapon or face harsh response,” Reuters, (April 14, 2025).
Jacob Magid, “Witkoff indicates US seeks to cap Iran uranium enrichment, not dismantle nuclear program,” Times of Israel, (April 15, 2025).
“Iran insists military capabilities and proxy groups are ‘red lines’ in talks with US,” Times of Israel, (April 15, 2025).
“Russia declines to say if it would accept Iran's enriched uranium as part of a US-Iranian deal,” Reuters, (April 15, 2025).
Michael R. Gordon, Laurence Norman, and Benoit Fauco, “Witkoff in Apparent Reversal Says Iran Must Halt Nuclear Enrichment,” Wall Street Journal, (April 15, 2025).
“Netanyahu to Khamenei: Israel won't be eliminated, Iran’s axis of terror must be,” Arutz Sheva, (April 15, 2025).
Julian E. Barnes, Eric Schmitt, Maggie Haberman, and Ronen Bergman, “Trump Waved Off Israeli Strike After Divisions Emerged in His Administration,” New York Times, (April 16, 2025).
Yonah Jeremy Bob, “Israel planned to strike Iran several times since October, sources tell ‘Post,’” Jerusalem Post, (April 17, 2025).
“After Rome talks, Tehran says Iran and US ‘to start designing framework’ for nuclear deal,” Times of Israel, (April 19, 2025).
Vivian Nereim, “Saudi Arabia Opposed Obama’s Deal With Iran. It Supports Trump’s. Why?” New York Times, (April 20, 2025).