January 1939

Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht informs Adolf Hitler that Germany’s economy is on the verge of a disastrous inflation.

“Illegal immigration” begins from Germany to Palestine. 27,000 Jews will illegally immigrate by the end of 1940.

January 1

Jews are eliminated from the German economy; their capital is seized, though some Jews continue to work under Germans.

At the Buchenwald, Germany, concentration camp, Deputy Commandant Arthur Rödl orders several thousand inmates to assemble for inspection shortly before midnight. He selects five men and has them whipped to the melody played by the inmate orchestra. The whipping continues all night.

January 5

Germany declares Karaite Jews exempt from enforcement of the Nuremberg Laws.

January 17

Decree pertaining to the expiration of permits for Jewish dentists, veterinarians, and pharmacists.

January 24

Nazi Generalfeldmarschall Hermann Göring orders Reinhard Heydrich to establish a Jewish Emigration Office, and informs him to speed up the emigration of Jews. Heydrich appoints Gestapo chief Heinrich Müller to head it.

January 30

On the sixth anniversary of his appointment as chancellor, Hitler threatens in the Reichstag that if war breaks out, the result will be the extermination of Europe’s Jews. Ridiculing the Western Allies’ lack of humanitarian action in regard to the Jews, he notes that “it is a shameful spectacle to see how the whole democratic world is oozing sympathy for the poor, tormented Jewish people, but remains hard-hearted and obdurate when it comes to helping them.”

February 3

A bomb destroys a Budapest, Hungary, synagogue, killing one worshipper.

February 7-20

The St. James Palace Conference is held in London to find a peaceful solution to the political stalemate in Palestine. Jewish delegates withdraw when Arab delegates refuse to meet with their Jewish counterparts--and when British delegates support the Arab position.

February 9

Anti-Jewish legislation is passed in Italy.

February 10

Pope Pius XI dies. His unpublished encyclical on racism and antisemitism does not go beyond the Vatican’s traditional policy concerning Jews. This policy is based on the doctrine of St. Augustine that the Jews are Cains who must not be killed but who must wander in suffering for all eternity, until they see the light and choose conversion to Roman Catholicism.

February 20

The German-American Bund stages a rally in New York City. About 20,000 enthusiasts attend; they come mostly from Father Charles Coughlin’s Christian Front.

February 21

Nazis require Jews to relinquish all their gold and silver.

February-June 1939

New York Democratic Senator Robert F. Wagner, a German American, and Massachusetts Democratic Representative Edith Nourse Rogers jointly propose the Wagner-Rogers Bill to permit 20,000 German children (specifically, Jewish children) into the United States over a two-year period. The bill is tagged with so many amendments that, after hearings, it never leaves the the House or Senate. The bill does receive considerable support from the press and certain churches, and many individuals and organizations testify for or against the bill. But the antisemitism rife in the American public and Congress--and the lack of support from President Franklin Roosevelt--sink the bill. The Wagner-Rogers Bill’s foremost opponent, Senator Robert Reynolds of North Carolina, has a secret relationship with German-American Nazi agent August Gausebeck. Gausebeck’s partner is Walter Schellenberg, the coordinator of Gestapo activities in the United States.

Asked for her opinion on the bill, Mrs. James Houghteling, wife of the commissioner of immigration, whispers that the only problem with the Wagner-Rogers bill is “that 20,000 ugly [Jewish] children would all too soon grow up into 20,000 ugly adults.” Mrs. Houghteling is Laura Delano Houghteling, President Roosevelt’s cousin.

As a result of Roosevelt’s administration’s policies, the United States offers refuge to fewer Jewish children--about 1000 from 1934 to 1945--than Belgium, France, Britain, Holland, or Sweden.

March 2

Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli is elected as Pope Pius XII.

March 11

Hungary enacts a law permitting the establishment of the Hungarian Labor Service System (Munkaszolgálat). Under the law, Jews of military age will be employed in construction, mining, and fortification work for the military.

March 15

Nazi troops enter Czechoslovakia and occupy Prague. No nation takes forcible action against the move. Of roughly 50,000 Jews in the city, only 19,000 will escape from Europe. Tens of thousands of Jews are trapped when Nazi troops enter the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia.

Slovakia becomes a German satellite and declares itself an independent state under protection of Nazi Germany.

March 16

Hitler announces that Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist and declares Slovakia a protectorate of the Reich.

March 20

About 5000 paintings, drawings, and sculptures deemed “degenerate” by the Nazis are burned on an enormous pyre in Berlin.

March 21

Nazi troops enter Memel, Lithuania, forcing Jews there to flee.

The French government passes legislation outlawing incitement to race hatred.

March 25

As 500,000 people watch, 20,000 protestors march in a “Stop Hitler” parade held in New York City.

March 31

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain announces that the U.K. and France will guarantee Poland’s sovereignty.

April 1

The Spanish Civil War ends, with Francisco Franco’s Fascists the victors.

April 3

The German government issues a secret directive for the seizure of Danzig, Poland, a “free city” that will figure in German preparation for a larger war.

April 4

The Institut zur Erforschung des jüdischen Einflusses auf das deutsche kirchliche Leben (Institute for the Study of Jewish Influence on German Church Life) is founded.

April 7

Great Britain institutes conscription.

Italian forces occupy Albania.

April 10

Voters in Greater Germany approve the Anschluss--Germany’s annexation of Austria in 1938.

April 15

United States President Franklin Roosevelt asks Hitler to respect the independence of European nations.

April 18

Anti?Jewish racist laws passed in Slovakia, defines Jews by religion. Cancellation of eviction protection.

April 20

The Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungshauptamt (WVHA; Economy and Administration Main Office) is upgraded. It is concerned with SS economic matters, particularly at concentration camps.

April 27-28

Germany cancels non-aggression pact with Poland and 1935 Naval Agreement with Britain.

April 28

Hitler offers a mocking response to United States President Franklin Roosevelt’s April 15 request to respect the independence of European nations. He renounces the Anglo-German Naval Pact and the Polish Non-Agression Pact.

April 30

Tenancy protection for Jews in Germany is revoked. This will pave the way for their relocation to “communal Jewish houses.”

May 1939

In Hungary, discriminatory laws are passed against Jews engaged in law and medicine. Jewish participation in the economy is restricted to six percent.

May 3

Hoping to establish rapprochement with Nazi Germany, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin replaces his Jewish commissar for foreign affairs, Maksim Litvinov, with the less British-oriented Viacheslav Molotov.

May 15

The SS transfers almost 900 women prisoners from the Lichtenburg concentration camp for women to Ravensbrück. Upon this transfer, Ravensbrück replaces Lichtenburg as the main camp for women prisoners in Germany.

The German refugee ship USS St. Louis leaves Hamburg. Most of the thousand or so passengers are Jewish escapees from Nazi Germany. They have landing passes for Cuba as well as quota numbers that could allow them entry into the United States three years hence.

May 17

The British government issues a White Paper (commonly called the MacDonald White Paper) that limits Jewish immigration to 10,000 a year for five years. The White Paper allows 75,000 Jewish immigrants (up to 10,000 per year, plus an additional 25,000 if certain conditions are met) to enter Palestine. The White Paper also restricts Jewish land purchases in Palestine. British government policy will succeed in keeping the actual numbers of Jewish immigrants far below the quotas for settlement in England and Palestine.

May 22

Nazi Germany signs “Pact of Steel” with Italy.

Ernst Toller, a German-Jewish playwright in exile in New York City, commits suicide.

May 23

Hitler vows to attack Poland at the earliest opportunity.

June 1939

The German refugee ship USS St. Louis reaches Cuba. But after extortionate demands for money are made by the Cuban government, the USS St. Louis departs Cuba and sails along the east coast of the United States. President Roosevelt orders the Coast Guard to prevent any of the passengers from landing in the U.S., even should they jump ship.

June 2

The Boston, Massachusetts, newspaper of the Christian Science Church attacks Jewish refugees as causing their own troubles, a position taken by many important Protestant journals of the time.

June 17

After being denied access to Cuba and the United States, the German refugee ship USS St. Louis docks in Antwerp, Belgium. Belgium offers to take 214 passengers, the Netherlands 181, Britain 287, and France 224. Ultimately, the Nazis will murder most of the passengers except for those accepted by Great Britain.

June 29

A transport of 440 Romani (Gypsy) women, with their children, arrives in Ravensbrück from the Burgenland in Austria. By 1945 about 5,000 Romani women will have passed through the Ravensbrück camp.

July 4

German Jews are denied the right to hold government jobs.

July 26

Adolf Eichmann (deputy to Reinhard Heydrich) is placed in charge of the Prague branch of the emigration office.

July 30

Reacting to German anti-Jewish policies and reflecting the attitude of many other officials in Great Britain and Western Europe, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain writes: “No doubt Jews aren’t a lovable people; I don’t care about them myself. But that is not sufficient to explain the pogrom.”

August 23

Germany and the Soviet Union sign non-aggression pact, known as the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact (named after Foreign Ministers). Secretly, the pact divided up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe.

August 2

Concerned that the Germans could be the first to develop an atomic bomb, expatriate German physicist Albert Einstein writes to President Franklin Roosevelt about developing an American bomb.

August 17

The Reich Ministry of the Interior publishes a listing of allowable first names Jewish parents may give their new babies.

August 19

The Romanian-Jewish refugee ship Rim, bound for Palestine, runs aground and burns at Rhodes, Italy.

August 22

Hitler’s speech to generals urges the liquidation of Poles in the forthcoming war in order to gain Lebensraum (“Living space”) for Germans.

August 23

The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact) is signed in Moscow, freeing Hitler for the moment from the worry of an Eastern Front war. The pact contains a secret protocol on the disposition of Poland, which will be divided between the two larger nations. They also agree to divide up eastern Europe, including Poland, the Baltic states of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia, and parts of Romania.

August 25

The Anglo-Polish Alliance is signed, by which Great Britain will assist Poland should Poland become the victim of aggression.

August 26

Hitler guarantees to respect the neutrality of Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg and Sweden.

August 27

The German economy shifts to a wartime footing. The Nazi government issues restrictive Lebensmittelkarten (ration cards) to Gypsies and resident aliens within the borders of the Reich. Ration cards for Jews restrict the holders to a starvation diet of 200 to 300 calories per day.

August 30

Because of a protracted shooting schedule in New York, popular Polish-Jewish film stars Leon Liebgold and Lili Liliana miss their ship back to Poland two days before the Nazi invasion of their homeland. The couple remains in New York.

August 31

Sixty German-Jewish children are shepherded by train and boat through Holland to safety in the British port city of Harwich.

September 1939

Nazis intern tens of thousands of Spanish Republicans in France before sending them to slave labor at stone quarries at Mauthausen, Austria.

Leading Jewish-German jurist Gerhard Leibholz, stripped of his position at the University of Göttingen in 1936, escapes to Switzerland with his wife and two daughters.

September 1

German forces overrun western Poland, instigating World War II. Three thousand Jewish civilians die in the bombing of Warsaw. German troops enter Danzig, trapping more than 5000 Jews. Throughout Germany and Austria, Jews may not be outside after 8:00 p.m. in the winter and 9:00 p.m. in the summer.

September 1-October 25

Operation Tannenberg, carried out by SS Einsatzgruppen (mobile kill squads), leads to the murders of Polish Jews and Catholic intellectuals and to the burnings of synagogues in Poland.

September 2

In Stutthof, Poland, a subcamp is established for “civilian prisoners of war.”

As 1400 Jews escaping from Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia land on a Tel Aviv, Palestine, beach, British soldiers shoot and kill two refugees.

September 3

Great Britain, France, India, Australia and New Zealand declare war on Germany. The British government cancels all visas previously granted to“enemy nationals”; one effect is that German Jews can no longer immigrate to safety in England.

At a meeting of the Jewish Agency Executive, an organization informally recognized as the ad hoc Jewish government of Palestine, David Ben-Gurion vows that Jews will fight Hitler. A total of a million and a half Jews will fight in the armed forces of nations opposing Germany: 555,000 Jewish servicemen and women in the American Armed Forces; 500,000 for the Soviet Union; 116,000 for Great Britain (26,000 from Palestine and 90,000 from the British Commonwealth); and 243,000 Jews for other European nations.

September 6

German forces occupy Kraków, Poland.

September 8

German forces occupy Lódz, Radom, and Tarnów, Poland.

September 14

German forces occupy Przemysl, Poland.

September 17

Soviet Union invades Eastern Poland.

September 20

All radios owned by Jews in Greater Germany are confiscated.

September 21

SS Security Service chief Reinhard Heydrich orders chiefs of Einsatzgruppen to establish, in cooperation with German civil and military authorities, Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland. He decrees that all Jewish communities in Poland and Greater Germany with populations under 500 are to be dissolved, so that deportations of Jews to urban ghettos and concentration camps can be accelerated. Further, Heydrich orders the establishment of ghetto Judenräte (Jewish councils). The main goals of the ghettoization process are to isolate Jews, force them to manufacture items for Germany, and provide easy Nazi access for murder and deportation.

September 22

The Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA; State Security Main Office) is founded.

September 23

After the German invasion of Poland earlier in September, the first Polish women prisoners arrive in Ravensbrück. By 1945 more than 40,000 women from Poland and the German-occupied eastern territories will have been deported to Ravensbrück.

On this Jewish Day of Atonement, Jews across Poland are publicly humiliated by SS troops: forced labor, coerced shavings of beards, destruction of property, beatings, and forced dancing. At Piotrków, Poland, Jews are compelled to relieve themselves in the local synagogue school, then use prayer shawls and holy books to clean up the mess.

September 24

Jewish prisoners of war kept at Zyardow Stadium in Poland for ten days without food are forced to clean latrines with their bare hands.

September 27

Warsaw, Poland, surrenders to German troops.

Berlin issues a command to establish Jewish ghettos in Poland.

Inmates at the Dachau, Germany, concentration camp are moved to a camp at Mauthausen, Austria, so that Dachau can be used as a training camp for the Waffen-SS.

September 28

Poland surrenders, and the country is partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union, as was outlined in a secret amendment to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. More than 2 million Jews live in the German area and 1.3 million in the Soviet-controlled territory.

The SS selects the start of the weeklong Jewish festival of Sukkot to forcibly deport more than 8000 Jews from Pultusk, Poland.

September-December 1939

German administrative divisions of Eastern Europe are established. They are Greater Danzig (northern Poland), West Prussia (northern Europe on the Baltic), Greater East Prussia (northern Europe on the Baltic), and the Warthegau (western Poland). Jews are forcibly expelled from these areas.

October 1939

In Vienna, Austria, Übersiedlungsaktion (Resettlement action) is instituted against able-bodied Jewish men. These Jews are deported to Poland for forced labor.

Nazis begin the internment of Polish “mental defectives” in the Polish village of Piasnica.

Hitler orders that selected physicians be authorized to administer “mercy deaths”--euthanasia--to incurably ill or undesirable German citizens. No legal justification for the killings is necessary. Health care professionals sent thousands of institutionalized mentally and physically diabled people to central “euthanasia” killing centers, where they killed them by lethal injection of in the gas chamber.

October 1

The Polish government-in-exile is formed in France. When hostilities escalate, the government will move to London.

October 4

A triumphant Hitler tours Warsaw, Poland.

October 6

In an address to the Reichstag, Hitler offers peace to England and France, but only if Germany’s former colonies are returned, Germany is allowed to join world trade, and Britain and France allow Germany to solve the “Jewish problem.”

October 7

Jewish “resettlement” in the Lublin district.

October 8

First ghetto (unguarded and unfenced) established in Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland.

October 10

The Germans create a Generalgouvernement in Poland. It is an administrative area not incorporated into Greater Germany. The Germans will locate their death camps in the Generalgouvernement.

October 11

In a meeting at the White House, the economist Alexander Sachs presents a letter to President Roosevelt. The message, written by Albert Einstein and with the support of other physicists — Leo Szilard, Eugene Wagner, and Edward Teller among them — call on the United States government to explore the military potentials of nuclear energy. In the letter, Einstein warns that the Germans have stopped selling uranium from Czech mines, a clue that the Nazis are trying to build a nuclear weapon. Roosevelt reponds, “What you are after is to see that the Nazis don’t blow us up.” From these beginnings, the Advisory Committee on Uranium is born with a mandate to begin a nuclear weapons program.

October 12

The Nazi deportation of Jews from Austria and Moravia to Poland begins.

Hans Frank is appointed governor-general of Occupied Poland.

October 15

Hitler anounces to his general staff his plans to conquer the West and knock out the Low Countries, then France, and finally England. Halder and Brauchitsch agree to try to dissuade Hitler. Halder, in league with Beck, Canaris and Oster, and the other conspirators pull out the secret plans for the second coup attempt.

mid-October 1939

The SS begins mass killings of “mental defectives” in a forest outside Piasnica, Poland, near Danzig.

October 16

Kraków, one of the most important Jewish communities since the 1300s, is designated the capital of the Generalgouvernement.

October 17

Hitler lectures General Wilhelm Keitel and other top Wehrmacht generals on the need for “Jews, Poles, and similar trash” to be cleared from old and new territories of the Reich.

October 19

A Jewish ghetto at Lublin, Poland, is established.

October 24

Jews in Wloclawek, Poland, are required to wear a yellow cloth triangle identifying them as Jews.

October 26

Germany annexes the former Polish regions of Upper Silesia, Pomerania, West Prussia, Poznan, amd the independent city of Danzig. Those areas of Occupied Poland not annexed by Germany or the Soviet Union were placed under a German civil administration and were called the General Government (Generalgouvernement).

The Labor Department of the Generalgouvernement of Occupied Poland issues the Arbeitspflicht (Work obligation) decree, which makes slave labor mandatory for all Polish men and women over the age of 14 and under age 60.

October 26, 1939-early February 1940

In a plan devised by Adolf Eichmann, the Nazis deport and “resettle” some 78,000 Jews to a “reservation” located in the Lublin-Nisko region of southeast Poland. The project is temporarily suspended when rolling rail stock is needed for German military campaigns against the Low Countries.

October 30

SS chief Heinrich Himmler designates the next three months as the period during which all Jews must be cleared from the rural areas of western Poland. Hundreds of communities will be affected, and thousands of Jews will be expelled with nothing but what they can carry with them.

The British government publishes a report critical of the Nazis’ treatment of concentration camp prisoners.

Brauchitsch and Halder drive to the Chancellory to see Hitler who explodes in anger and vows to destroy the “spirit of Zossen.” Halder panics and aborts the second coup attempt. Conspirators ordered to shut down the entire plot.

November 1939

Various German generals plot a Putsch designed to overthrow Hitler at Zossen, Germany, but it is never carried out.

Hans Frank, governor-general of Occupied Poland, sets up the first “self-governing” Jewish council (Judenrat) within Jewish ghettos. The council leaders must obey the demands of the Nazis.

November 4

With the Cash-and-Carry provision about to expire, the United States Congress passes legislation prolonging its madate and permitting European democracies to buy war materials.

November 7

The Nazis begin mass deportations of Jews from western Poland.

November 8

Hans Frank appointed Governor of the Generalgouvernement (headquartered in Krakow).

Hitler is nearly killed by an assassin’s bomb (lone assassin George Elser) planted at Bürgerbraukeller, Munich, Germany.

November 11

Six hundred Jews are murdered by German troops at Ostrow Mazowiecki, Poland.

Two Jews are among six men and three boys taken from Zielonka, Poland, to be shot in nearby woods.

November 12

SS Security Service chief Reinhard Heydrich orders that all Jews be removed from the newly formed Warthegau province (formerly western Poland) of Greater Germany. The order is made so that the region can be prepared for resettlement by ethnic Germans.

The Nazis begin the deportation of Jews from Lódz, West Prussia, Poznan, and Danzig (in annexed Poland) to other locations in the Generalgouvernement.

November 13

SS troops in Poland arrest and execute 53 Jewish men who happen to reside at the same address as a Jewish man who has shot and killed a Polish policeman.

November 15

The antisemitic Fideikommissariat (Estate commission) is established to “Aryanize” Jewish-owned businesses in Occupied Poland.

November 15-17

Nazis destroy all of the synagogues in Lódz, Poland.

November 18

Hans Frank, the governor-general of Occupied Poland, reiterates Reinhard Heydrich’s order of September 21 regarding the establishment of Judenräte in Jewish ghettos.

November 23

Polish Jews are ordered, by December 1, to wear white armbands with a blue Star of David whenever appearing in public.

November 29

SS chief Heinrich Himmler orders the death penalty for German Jews who refuse to report for deportation.

November 30, 1939-March 13, 1940

Soviet Union invades Finland and carries out the Winter War.

November-December 1939

General Johannes Blaskowitz, the commander-in-chief of Greater Germany’s Eastern sector, complains to the German High Command that the activities of Einsatzgruppen (killing squads) are excessively brutal and a threat to army discipline. His complaints are noted but are largely ignored; Einsatzgruppen activities continue as before.

December 1939

German Field Marshal Johannes Blaskowitz, commander-in-chief of the German Army Group East, reports that many Jewish children in transport trains are arriving at their destinations frozen to death.

The Lipowa camp at Lipowa Street in Lublin, Poland, is established. It is initially an assembly point for Polish-Jewish POWs, and it will later be a Jewish work camp.

Lódz (Poland) Ghetto administrator Friedrich Übelhör notes that ghettoization of Jews is only temporary. The final goal is to clean Jews out of Lódz, to “utterly destroy this bubonic plague.”

December 1

1350 Jews are murdered by German troops at Chelm, Poland.

December 1-9

The forced march of 1800 Jewish men from Chelm and Hrubieszow, Poland, to the Soviet border results in the deaths of all but 200.

December 5-6

German authorities seize Jewish property in Poland. Items that are appropriated include businesses, homes, furniture and other household goods, currency and bank accounts, art, jewelry, and other valuables. Now economically helpless, the Jews have virtually nothing with which to sustain themselves.

December 6

As an example of its policy of blocking all Jewish escape routes in Central Europe, the British Foreign Office warns Bulgaria that if it ships its Jews to Palestine, the British will “expect the Bulgarian government to take the immigrants back.”

December 8

Six Jews and 25 non-Jewish Poles, accused of committing acts of sabotage, are shot in Occupied Warsaw.

December 12

In eastern areas of Greater Germany, two years of forced labor is made compulsory for all Jewish males aged 14 to 60.

Jews are expelled from Kalisz in the Warthegau region of Poland; many flee to Warsaw.

December 16

Jewish girls in Lódz, Poland, who have been impressed for forced labor, are forced to clean a latrine with their blouses. When the job is complete, the German overseers wrap the filthy blouses around the girls’ faces.

December 27

106 non-Jewish Poles are murdered at Wawer, Poland.

December 30

The riverboat Uranus reaches the Iron Gates gorge in Romania, on the Yugoslavian border, with 1210 fugitive Jews from Vienna, Austria, and Prague, Czechoslovakia. The boat’s journey is halted after Great Britain, holder of the Mandate on Palestine, protests to the Yugoslavian government.

1939: Other important events

Approximately 78,000 Jews leave Germany. Jewish valuables throughout Germany are confiscated.

Hermann Esser’s antisemitic book, The Jewish World Plague, is published in Germany.

SS chief Heinrich Himmler is appointed Reich commissioner for strengthening German nationhood. Eager to increase the growing Aryan birth rate, Himmler orders his SS men to impregnate their wives and to act as “conception assistants” to childless women over the age of 29.

The first issue of Die Aktion: Kampfblatt für das neue Europa (The Action: Newspaper for Fighting for the New Europe), an antisemitic propaganda periodical distributed outside of Germany, is published.

An antisemitic film comedy, Robert und Bertram, is produced in Germany.

In the United States, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigates the pro-Nazi German-American Bund.

An Elmo Roper poll claims that 53 percent of Americans feel Jews are “different” and require “social and economic restrictions.”

A Gallup poll reports that 83 percent of Americans oppose the admission of a larger number of Jewish refugees.

Based on instructions coming from the State Department, a United States consular official in Stuttgart, Germany, tells Ernest Michel, a German Jew who has an American sponsor, that all U.S. immigration quotas are filled and that he should reapply for admission to the United States in three years. Ironically, 1939 was the only year in which U.S. quotas were filled.

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

Sources: Holocaust Memorial Center
Zekelman Family Campus
28123 Orchard Lake Rd.
Farmington Hills, MI 48334-3738
(248) 553-2400
(248) 553-2433 FAX
(248) 553-2834 Library
info@holocaustcenter.org

Yad Vashem
U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
The Joric Center
The Holocaust Chronicle

Holocaust Chronology of 1939