Rule of Rome Timeline (230 BCE-400 CE)
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| ca. 230-146 B.C.E. | Coming of Rome to the east Mediterranean. |
| 142-129 B.C.E. | Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans. |
| 63 B.C.E. | Rome (Pompey) annexes the land of Israel. |
| 37-4 B.C.E. | Herod the Great (Jewish Roman ruler of the land of Israel). |
| 37 B.C.E. | Herod captures Jerusalem, has Antigonus II executed, and marries the Hasmonean princess Mariamne I. |
| 20 B.C.E. | Herod creates Temple Mount and begins to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem. Project continues until 72 C.E.. |
| ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E. | Joshua/Jesus “the Christ.” |
MODERN ERA | Hillel & Shammai (Jewish sages). |
| 6 C.E. | Rome establishes direct rule of prefects in Judea. |
| ca. 13 B.C.E.- 41 C.E. | Philo Judaeus of Alexandria. |
| ca. 30 C.E. | Jesus is crucified. |
| 36-64 C.E. | Paul “the apostle” (Jewish “Christian”). |
| ca. 37-100 C.E. | Josephus (Jewish leader, historian). |
| ca. 40 C.E. | Gamliel/Gamaliel I (Jewish leader-scholar). |
| ca. 50-125 C.E. | Christian Testament (NT) writings. |
| 66-73 C.E. | First Jewish Revolt against Rome. |
| 69 C.E. | Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism. |
| 70 | Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple. |
| 73 | Last stand of Jews at Masada. |
| ca. 90-100 | Gamaliel II excludes sectarians (including Christians) from the synagogues. |
| ca. 90-150 | Writings (third and last division of Jewish Scriptures) discussed and accepted as sacred scripture. |
| 114-117 | Jewish Revolts against Rome in Cyprus, Egypt and Cyrene. The Great Synagogue and the Great Library in Alexandria are destroyed as well as the entire Jeiwsh community of Cyprus. Afterwards, Jews were forbidden on Cyprus. |
| 120-135 | Rabbi Akiva active in consolidating Rabbinic Judaism. |
| 132-135 | Bar Kokhba rebellion (Second Jewish Revolt). Roman forces kill an estimated half a million Jews and destroy 985 villages and 50 fortresses. |
| 136 | Hadrian renames Jerusalem Aelia Capatolina and builds a Pagan temple over the the site of the Second Temple. He also forbids Jews to dwell there. Judea (the southern portion of what is now called the West Bank) was renamed Palaestina in an attempt to minimize Jewish identification with the land of Israel. |
| 138-161 | Antoninus Pius, Hadrian's sucessor, repeals many of the previously instituted harsh policies towards Jews. |
| 193-211 | Roman emperor Lucious Septimus Severus treats Jews relatively well, allowing them to participate in public offices and be exempt from formalities contrary to Judaism. However, he did not allow the Jews to convert anyone |
| ca. 200 | Mishnah (Jewish oral law) compiled/edited under Judah the Prince. |
| 200-254 | Origen (Christian scholar, biblical interpreter). |
| 203 | Because of his health, Judah HaNasi relocates the center of Jewish learning from Beth Shearim to Sepphoris. |
| 212 | Roman Emperor Caracalla allows free Jews within the empire to become full Roman citizens. |
| 220 | Babylonian Jewish Academy founded at Sura by Rab. |
| 220-470 |
Amoraim, or Mishna scholars, flourish. The Amoraim's commentary, along with the Mishna, comprises the Talmud. |
| 222-235 | Emperor Alexander Severus allowed for a revival of Jewish rights, including permission to visit Jerusalem. |
| 240-276 | Rise of Mani/Manichaean World Religion synthesis. |
| ca. 250 | Babylonian Jews flourish (as does Manichaeism) under Persian King Shapur I |
| 250-330 | Early development of Christian monasticism in Egypt. |
| 263-339 | Eusebius (Christian author, historian) |
| 303 | Violent persecution of Christians by Emperor Diocletian. |
| To 311 | Sporadic persecution of Christianity by Rome. |
| 306 | One of the first Christian councils, the Council of Elvira, forbids intermarriage and social interaction with Jews |
| 312/313 | Emperor Constantine embraces Christianity, announces Edict of Toleration |
| 315 | Code of Constantine limits rights of non-Christians, is Constantine's first anti-Jewish act. |
| 368 | Jerusalem Talmud compiled. |
- 3800 B.CE - 2001 BCE - The Dawn of “History”
- 2000 B.C.E. - 587 BCE - Context of Ancient Israelite Religion
- 538 BCE - 70 CE - Judaism After the Babylonian Exile
- 230 BCE-400 CE - Rule of Rome
- 70 - 500 - Rabbinic Jewish Period of Talmud Development
- 325 - 590 - Consolidation & Dominance of Classical Christianity
- 600 - 1500 - “Medieval” Period in the West
- 570 - 1258 - Reception & Classical Development of Muhammad's Islamic Message
- 1095-1258 - Crusades
- 1258-1500 - Further Transitions and Rebuilding of Political Islam
- 1291-1516 - Mamluk Rule
- 1517-1569 - Reformation and Post-Reformation Christian Period
- 1500-1920 - Dominance of Ottoman Muslim Empire in Turkey
- 1700-1917 - Jewish Modern and Contemporary Periods
- 1914-1918 - Islamic Unrest and Realignment in the Middle East
- 1918-1947 - British Rule in Palestine
- 1947-Present - Modern Israel & the Diaspora
- Timeline for the History of Jerusalem - 4500 B.C.E.-Present
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