Christian Crusades Timeline (1095-1258)

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1096	Participants in the First Crusade massacre Jews in several Central European cities, beginning centuries of pogroms linked to the Crusades.
1096	More than 5,000 Jews were murdered in Germany in several different attacks.
May 3, 1096	Count Emico of Leiningen, on his way to join a Crusade, attacked the synagogue at Speyers and killed all the defenders.
May 27, 1096	1,200 Jews commit suicide in Mayence to escape Count Emico, who tried to forcibly convert them.
1085-1140	Judah Halevi (Jewish author).
1099	Crusaders (European Christians) capture Jerusalem and massacre tens of thousands of the city's Jews.
1100	Germans, including German Jews, migrate to Poland. It is seen as “the land of opportunity.”
1107	Moroccan Almoravid ruler Yoseph Ibn Tashfin orders all Moroccan Jews to convert or leave.
1109	Tiberias falls to the Crusaders.
1115	After reconquering Toledo, Spain from the Muslims, Alphonso I invited all Jews to return.
1120	Jews from Muslim countries begin to settle in Byzantium.
1124	Records of a Jewish gate in Kiev attest to the presence of a Jewish community there.
1135-1204	Maimonides (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon; Jewish scholar).
1139	Judah Halevi completes his influential philosophy of Judaism known as The Kuzari. He is a friend of commentator Abraham Ibn Ezra, who also left Spain for the life of a wandering Jewish scholar.
1143	150 Jews killed in Ham, France.
1144	Jews in Norwich, England, are accused of murdering a Christian child in what is believed to be the first ritual murder charge. The blood libel, as well as others in England that follow in the 12th century, incites anti-Jewish violence.
1160-1173	Benjamin of Toledo, The Itinerary of Benjamin of Toledo.
1163	Benjamin of Toledo writes of 40,000 Jews living in Baghdad, complete with 28 synagogues and 10 Torah academies.
1171	Saladin (1138-1193) overthrows Fatimid dynasty in Egypt.
1187	Saladin recaptures Jerusalem from Crusaders grants Jews permission to re-enter.
March 16, 1190	Jews attacked, over 150 die after a six day standoff in York, England.
1190	Approximately 2,500 Jews live in England, enjoing more rights than Jews on the continent.
1191	French King Phillip starts the Third Crusade, cancels debts to Jews, drives many Jews out of France, confiscates their property.
1194-1270	Scholar and Jewish leader Moses Ben Nachman (Nachmanides).
1195	Moses Maimonides completes The Guide to the Perplexed, considered the most important work of medieval Jewish thought.
1211	A group of 300 rabbis from France and England settle in Palestine (Eretz Yisrael), beginning what might be interpreted as Zionist aliyah.
1198-1216	Pope Innocent III (Christian).
1204	First synagogue built in Vienna, a city where Jews enjoyed more freedom than in other areas of Austria.
1215	Fourth Lateran Council expands anti-Jewish decrees in Europe, forces Jews to wear the Yellow Patch, the "Badge of Shame.
1222	Deacon Robert of Reading, England, was burned for converting to Judaism, setting a precedent for the burning of "heretics".
1222	Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury and a prime mover of the Lateran Council, forbids Jews from building new synagogues, owning slaves or mixing with Christians.
ca. 13th cen.	The Zohar (a Jewish kabbalistic book): .
1227	Death of Genghis Khan (roving Mongol conqueror).
ca. 1230	Inquisition by Christians in Spain.
1232	The Jewish community of Marrakech, Morocco, is reestablished, leading to massacres of Jews caused by Islamic political revolt and grassroots hatred.
1239	Pope Gregory IX orders the kings of France, England, Spain and Portugal to confiscate Hebrew books, Following this edict, the Talmud is condemned and burned in France and Rome.
1225-1274	Thomas Aquinas (Christian scholar).
1240-1292	Spanish Kabbalist Abraham Abulafia.
1243	First accusation of desecration of the Host (the wafers used is Christian Mass) - the blood libel - in Berlitz, Germany.
1244-1517	Rule by Tartars, Mongols, Ayybids, and Mamelukes.
1247	Pope Innocent IV issued a Bull refuting blood libels and sent it throughout Germany and France.
1254-1517	Mamluk Islamic rule (new dynasty) in Egypt.
1258	Fall of Islamic Abbasid dynasty to Hulagu (Mongol).

Timeline of Jewish History

3800 B.CE - 2001 BCE - The Dawn of “History”
2000 B.C.E. - 587 BCE - Context of Ancient Israelite Religion
538 BCE - 70 CE - Judaism After the Babylonian Exile
230 BCE-400 CE - Rule of Rome
70 - 500 - Rabbinic Jewish Period of Talmud Development
325 - 590 - Consolidation & Dominance of Classical Christianity
600 - 1500 - “Medieval” Period in the West
570 - 1258 - Reception & Classical Development of Muhammad's Islamic Message
1095-1258 - Crusades
1258-1500 - Further Transitions and Rebuilding of Political Islam
1291-1516 - Mamluk Rule
1517-1569 - Reformation and Post-Reformation Christian Period
1500-1920 - Dominance of Ottoman Muslim Empire in Turkey
1700-1917 - Jewish Modern and Contemporary Periods
1914-1918 - Islamic Unrest and Realignment in the Middle East
1918-1947 - British Rule in Palestine
1947-Present - Modern Israel & the Diaspora

Timeline for the History of Jerusalem - 4500 B.C.E.-Present