Norway, lying on the northwestern edge of the Scandinavian peninsula, has a Jewish history that likely dates only back to the 16th century. Today, approximately 1,300 Jews live in Norway.

Learn More - Cities of Norway: Oslo

Early History
First Jewish Community
World War II Period
Modern Oslo
Relations with Israel

Early History

As far back as the year 1000, the Norwegian king, Olav den Hellige, forbade everyone who was not Christian to live in Norway. It was only in the time of King Christian IV (late 16th century) that we find references to Jews. The Jews in question were mainly those who were driven out of Spain and Portugal. in 1492 and 1498.

These Sephardi Jews first settled in the Netherlands and Hamburg. In Norway, these were called “Portuguese-Jews.” Some were given special permission to enter Norway when no other Jews could. In most cases, those who were still in Norway at the beginning of the 19th century let themselves be baptized. The king, Christian IV, thought that the Jews could be helpful to his country, but because of opposition from the clergy, he had to be satisfied with letting the Jews settle in the duchies of Slesvig-Holstein. Jews had been permitted to live there from 1620. They were granted freedom of religion in 1630, and the king allowed them to travel freely and trade in Denmark and Norway. The Jews in this area were not, as in many other countries, forced to live in ghettos or in special Jewish streets or wear clothes that would distinguish them as ghettos or in special Jewish streets or wear clothes that would distinguish them as being Jewish. In 1641, the king extended his “protection” to include “Ashkenazi Jews” from the Eastern and Central areas of Europe and part of Western Europe.

King Christian IV’s successor, King Fredrik III, was not as liberal as his predecessor, and during his time, the Jews in the area once again lived under strict conditions. They were not allowed to be in the Danish-Norwegian kingdom without a visa.

In 1687, when Norway was united with Denmark under King Christian V’s law, the prohibition of Jews entering the country was reinserted. Anyone who broke this law was fined, and the person who informed against a Jew was rewarded. About 150 years later, in 1830, the attitude toward Jews was somewhat more lenient, and, by 1844, the Justice Department decided that “Portuguese Jews” would be permitted to enter freely.

In 1814, Norway acquired its first constitution. This document was relatively liberal, but it stated that Lutheran Protestantism was the official state religion and that Jews and Jesuits were forbidden from entering the kingdom. The national poet Henrik Wergeland led the lobbying to change this paragraph. In 1851, the ban was reversed six years after Wergeland’s death.

Establishment & Development of the First Jewish Community

Following this, Jews, in small numbers, started arriving in Norway, mainly from Poland and Lithuania. These were often people who did not have money to go to America. In June 1892, the first Jewish community was established in Christiania (now Oslo). The community was first given the name Det Jødiske Samfund i Christiania (The Jewish Community in Christiania), but only one year later, it was changed to Det Mosaiske Trossamfund (The Mosaic Community). At this stage, there were 214 Jews in Norway and 136 living in Christiania. When the community was established, it had about 100 members. They decided to keep to the Orthodox tradition, though most members were not very observant regarding Halacha.

A few examples of the goals of the community were:

— To preserve Jewish interests in Norway.
— To gather members for communal synagogue services.
— Engage a teacher.

The development of the community continued through the following years. In 1892, an immigrant from Lithuania was employed as a teacher for the children, cantor, shochet, and mohel. The same year, fixed times for prayers were set, and a place was rented to be used as a synagogue. In 1893, the community employed a rabbi, Dr. Meyer Ashkanaze, and as the number of members increased, the temple was moved from place to place.

During the next 30 years, the number of Jews in Norway increased from 642 persons (343 in Christiania) to 1457 (852 in Christiania). The immigrants came from Eastern Europe, and the reasons for this great immigration were the First World War, persecution of Jews, and general suffering in Europe.

Between 1900 and 1910, there were four small Jewish communities in Christiania. One of them, Israels Menighet i Christiania, Adath Yeshurun (Israel’s Congregation in Christiania, Adath Yeshurun), was led by the same rabbi Dr. Aschkenaze, who had been the rabbi of Det Mosaiske Trossamfund (The Mosaic Community) only a few years earlier. These communities had minimal differences in ideology; by 1910, they had merged into one, Det Mosaiske Trossamfund.

In 1917, yet another congregation was established because of dissatisfaction with how the larger congregation was run, but by 1939, there was again only one congregation, Det Mosaiske Trossamfund. This has remained the situation until today. About 3/4 of the approximately 2,000 Norwegian Jews were affiliated to this community in Oslo, or the smaller community, which had been established in Trondheim. The Jewish population in Norway has never exceeded this number.

Between 1915 and 1940, Jewish cultural life in Oslo blossomed. Several competing theatrical groups performing in Yiddish, choirs, cultural organizations (also in Yiddish), and academic organizations were established. In 1910, the Jewish Youth Association was established, becoming the most active and vital organization within the Jewish community. During 1935-1940, several study circles were held, led by the community’s rabbi, Isak Julius Samuel. In 1942, the rabbi was deported and killed by the Nazis.

World War I & the Reestablishment of the Community

In 1940, the Germans occupied Norway. Norwegian newspapers and media were full of anti-Semitic propaganda, and the Norwegian government was taken over by Nazis (Quisling). Two years later, in 1942, 750 Jews were deported to Auschwitz. Of these, only 25 survived. The remainder of the Norwegian Jewry managed to escape to Sweden, where they lived as refugees until the end of the war. More than 100 Jews served in the Free Norwegian Forces, primarily stationed in Britain.

After the war’s end, in 1945, when some of the refugees returned, the Jewish community in Oslo was re-established. They found the synagogue in Oslo unharmed, miraculously. It had been used as a storage place for Nazi literature and confiscated Jewish belongings during the war. Even the Torah Scrolls were still there, unharmed. The synagogue could, therefore, be used again as soon as it was cleaned up. The new rabbi of the community was Rabbi Zalman Aronzon. The level of activity was much lower than before the war, however, and there were long periods without a rabbi, limited teaching capability, and little spiritual leadership. In 1947, the Norwegian government permitted the immigration of several hundred Jewish refugees, mainly from Hungary. In 1960, a community center was built next to the synagogue.

In the late 1970s, a serious revival of the community began, with the appointment of a new, young rabbi, Michael Melchior and a new leadership. The rabbi made many changes in the education system. He tried to build on the principle that “Jewish culture should not merely be learnt but also lived.” The “classroom-education” was extended to include obligatory weekend seminars and camps, which would let the children experience what they were learning. Since then, many institutions have been established: kindergarten, well-attended synagogue services, Cheider (afternoon classes) for all school children, aged-home, a supply of kosher food imported from Israel and America, study circles as well as other cultural and religious events. During the last 25-30 years, organizations such as WIZO, Bnei Akiva, Maccabi Sports Club, B’nai Brith and Keren Kayemet L’Israel have become popular among the Norwegian Jews.

Due to the small number of Jews in Norway, the leadership believed it was essential to maintain unity and that there should, therefore, only be one congregation in Oslo (about 950 members) and a smaller community in Trondheim (about 100 members). The policy of the community is to follow Orthodox laws, teachings, and traditions. In practice, there is no coercion of members regarding their own degree of observance if regulations are followed within the confines and institutions of the community.

Part of the revival of the Jewish community during the last 20 years has been the introduction of “cantors” from Israel, whose duties include leading synagogue services and teaching. These people come with their families for a couple of years and then return to Israel. This arrangement ensures an infusion of the latest ideas from the Jewish world, especially Israel. During the last decade, this has been achieved through successful association with the WUJS (World Union of Jewish Students) project Arevim. Most of the members of the Jewish Community in Oslo have very strong ties with the State of Israel, and the Community encourages a Zionistic ideology.

Oslo Today

With about 950 members, the Jewish community in Oslo is, today very active in numerous areas. Among other institutions and activities, there is a kindergarten and a home for the elderly. There is cheider with about 90 children and youth divided into 8-10 classes according to age, which also arranges weekend seminars. There is B’nei Akiva, WIZO and B’nei Brith. There are also study circles, which deal with Jewish subjects, “Open-House” meetings, where current topics are discussed, and family seminars, where about 40 families go to enjoy a meaningful and fun Shabbat together.

The synagogue is used for services every weekday morning, as well as Shabbat and holidays. As mentioned earlier, the Orthodox traditions are used in conducting the services, which on Shabbat are usually attended by 150-200 men, women, and children. The Shabbat morning service is the religious and social “event” of the week. After the service, a kiddush is arranged in the community center, where the rabbi gives a D’var Torah and refreshments are served.

On August 23, 2006, Norway opened its Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities, a joint project of the Norwegian government and the country’s Jewish community, which will be devoted to the study of the Holocaust and other genocides. The museum and research center are housed in the Villa Grande, which was the residence of Vidkun Quisling, the Nazi collaborator who served as the president of Norway from 1942 until the end of the war. At the war’s end, Quisling was tried and executed for treason.

Although the number of births is slightly lower than the number of deaths each year, there is a steady flow of new people coming in from other countries or converting to Judaism. In the last couple of years, the number of members in the community has increased, mainly because of the active attempt of the community to include the Israeli citizens living in Norway. In previous years, many of these have come to Norway, married a Norwegian spouse, and then kept away from Judaism. Today, this situation has changed, and many of the Israelis have become active members of the community. It would seem that the number of Jews in Norway (and members of the Jewish community) will remain stable, at least for the foreseeable future.

Despite the small size of the Jewish community in Oslo, it has developed and expanded rapidly from its creation until today. Being a minority in otherwise Christian Norway is not always easy, and there will always be anti-Semitic statements or actions to deal with. But, aside from this, the Jewish community in Oslo is very much part of the greater Norwegian community while at the same time keeping its uniqueness.

On November 1, 2024, it was reported that since the Hamas attacks on October 7, 2023, anti-Israel and anti-Semitic sentiment has surged in Norway. Norwegian media and public figures have supported mainly pro-Hamas views, while the government has avoided condoling Israel and maintains ties with Hamas and other terrorist groups. Norway’s historic pro-Palestinian stance, driven by left-wing influence, has fueled the widespread acceptance of anti-Israel rhetoric. The Jewish community faces rising hostility, with harassment and anti-Semitic graffiti. Many now feel isolated, betrayed, and fearful for their security and place in Norwegian society, prompting some to consider emigration.

In 2025, a disturbing trend emerged in Norway, where growing anti-Israel sentiment among healthcare professionals has led Jewish community members to fear seeking medical treatment and even hide their identities—a situation Jewish leaders say hasn’t occurred since World War II. In a formal letter to health authorities, leaders from Jewish communities in Oslo and Trondheim raised alarm over patients’ discomfort and fear of receiving substandard care, citing overt political displays supporting Palestinians in medical settings. Dr. Rolf Kirschner, a veteran Jewish physician, confirmed that patients avoid wearing Jewish symbols and fear being identified as Jewish in hospitals. Despite only a handful of documented cases, community members believe this reflects a broader, troubling pattern, worsened by Norway’s pro-Palestinian stance and refusal to label Hamas a terrorist organization. The letter urges authorities to ensure neutrality and safety in medical institutions, a sentiment echoed by the Norwegian Health Minister and Nurses Association.

Relations with Israel

In 1993, Israel and the PLO held secret negotiations in Oslo, which ultimately led to the Oslo Accords, an agreement for mutual recognition and peace agreements. As historian Hilde Henriksen Waage of the Peace Research Institute Oslo later noted, Norway’s role in the accords made it see itself as “this important peace nation,” gaining access to Washington and recognition in Brussels. Yet, the euphoria faded as peace efforts stalled and Norwegian patience waned.

In May 2016, Norwegian Foreign Minister Borge Brende met with the Palestinian Authority (PA). During these meetings, President Mahmoud Abbas stressed that aid from Norway was not to be spent on salaries for convicted terrorists. Brende told Abbas that the policy was “unacceptable and should be abolished.” The Palestinian leader assured Brende that Norwegian aid would be spent on “state-building and institutional development.”

Norway’s largest and most influential trade union body, the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO), voted 193-117 in favor of a cultural, academic, and economic boycott (BDS) of Israel on May 14, 2017. The LO Congress, which meets every four years, voted against the recommendation of its leader, Hans-Christian Gabrielsen, who argued that the Palestinians have a very fragile work situation and many in fact rely on Israel for employment. Norwegian Foreign Minister Borge Brende spoke out against the vote and clarified that the Norwegian government strongly opposed BDS. The leader of the Norwegian Labor Party, whom the LO has supported for decades, also spoke out against the measure. In later years, major Norwegian trade federations would again push for boycotts and even organized a proposed “Palestine strike” in Oslo, under the slogan “Stop the genocide – the Oil Fund out of Israel,” showing a long-standing pattern of pro-BDS sentiment within Norway’s labor movement.

In June 2020, Foreign Affairs Minister Ine Eriksen Søreide announced that Norway would withhold half of the year’s funding to the Palestinian Authority’s education system until it stops using textbooks that promote hate and violence. This followed the European Parliament’s condemnation of the textbooks and resolution to oppose EU payments for them. A few months later, the legislature called for cutting $3.4 million from aid to the PA.

In June 2022, Norway announced food products from communities in Judea and Samaria, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights must be labeled with their place of origin rather than Israel. Israel’s Foreign Ministry denounced Norway’s decision, saying it “will not contribute to the advancement of ties between Israel and the Palestinians and will negatively impact bilateral ties between Israel and Norway, as well as Norway’s relevance to the promotion of relations between Israel and the Palestinians.”

Relations took a turn for the worse after the war in Gaza began in October 2023. Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide forbade the king to send a letter of condolence to Israel after the massacre on October 7. The state supported the genocide lawsuit against Israel in The Hague and refused to recognize Hamas as a terrorist organization. Two weeks after the war began, Eide was the only Western foreign minister who condemned Israel and did not call for the release of the hostages kidnapped by the terrorists. He also said that Norway does not sell arms to Israel and called on countries to impose an arms boycott to prevent their use in genocide. Norwegian officials claimed their criticism applied equally to both sides, but Israel saw it as betrayal. Avi Nir-Feldklein, Israel’s ambassador to the EU and formerly ambassador to Norway, accused Oslo of “rewarding terrorism” and buying into Hamas’s narrative.

On May 22, 2024, Norway, along with Ireland and Spain, jointly announced plans to formally recognize a Palestinian state, stating that this is intended to achieve lasting peace in the Middle East. Israel, however, swiftly condemned the move, branding it as a reward for terror after the October 7 attacks by Hamas, and ordered the immediate recall of its ambassadors from those countries. The recognition was a rare diplomatic rebuke, after which Israel revoked the accreditation of Norwegian diplomats and accused Oslo of aligning with Hamas.

On July 17, 2024, it was reported that Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz rejected a visit request from his Norwegian counterpart, Espen Barth Eide, in protest of Norway's policies concerning the war against Hamas in Gaza. According to Katz, Eide has asked to visit several times since May, when Norway, Spain, and Ireland coordinated recognition of a Palestinian state. Katz cited Norway's recognition of a Palestinian state, its failure to designate Hamas as a terrorist organization, and its support for the case against Israel at The Hague as the reasons for this refusal. Additionally, Eide cannot visit the PA in any official capacity without Israel's consent.

On August 5, 2024, it was reported that Norway had presented a legal opinion to the International Criminal Court (ICC)'s pre-trial chamber in The Hague, discussing its jurisdiction in the context of the Oslo Accords. As a guarantor of the agreements between Israel and the Palestinians, Norway contends that the ICC should have jurisdiction in the territory since the Palestinian Authority became a party to the Rome Statute. Norway also argues that the Oslo Accords should not be construed as restricting the court's authority over the situation in Gaza.

On August 7, 2024, it was announced that Israel's Foreign Ministry will terminate its agreement with Norway, which was helping transfer frozen tax funds collected by Israel for the Palestinian Authority (PA). Norway had been chosen to facilitate this transfer after Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich refused to allow the funds designated for Gaza to be used for paying public sector salaries. This decision by the ministry is a reaction to Norway's recognition of a Palestinian state and its criticism of Israel's actions in Gaza.

On August 8, 2024, Israel revoked the diplomatic status that had allowed the Norwegian diplomatic team in Israel to operate within the PA. This decision effectively ended all representation by the Norwegian embassy in Israel concerning the PA, with the diplomatic status of the eight Norwegian diplomats focused on this role revoked. The move was seen as a direct consequence of Norway's stance on the Palestinian issue, including its support for a lawsuit against Israel at the ICC.

Israeli Foreign Minister Katz emphasized that Norway’s actions, including its recognition of a Palestinian state and participation in the ICC lawsuit, had led to this punitive measure. Katz accused Norway of rewarding Hamas instead of supporting Israel in its fight against terrorism. This diplomatic rift underscored the tensions between Israel and Norway, particularly in light of Norway's leadership role in coordinating international aid to the PA.

In response to the International Criminal Court’s arrest warrants issued on November 21, 2024, against Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, Norway stated it would comply with the warrants.

On December 12, 2024, it was reported that Norway had selected the Trophy Active Protection System (APS) for its Leopard 2 A7 tanks, referred to as Leopard 2 A8 NOR in Norway. This decision marks the second major contract for EuroTrophy, a joint venture between GDELS, KNDS, and Israel’s Rafael, in the past year. The Trophy system will be integrated into the Norwegian Army’s upgraded tanks to enhance their protection.

A December 2024 report by Israel’s Ministry of Diaspora Affairs revealed that anti-Semitic incidents in Norway have reached their highest levels since World War II following the Hamas terror attack on Israel on October 7, 2023. The report found that 69% of Norway’s small Jewish community, numbering approximately 1,500 members, experienced hostility related to their identity, while anti-Semitic attitudes among Norwegians increased from 9.3% in 2022 to 11.5% in 2024. Key incidents included vandalism of Jewish sites and anti-Semitic graffiti. Additionally, a significant 51% of surveyed Norwegians compared Israel’s treatment of Palestinians to Nazi atrocities, blurring the line between political criticism and anti-Semitism. The Jewish community has urged authorities to address the issue as threatening democratic values.

On December 19, 2024, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution A/79/L.28/Rev.1, initiated by Norway, requesting an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on Israel’s obligations regarding the presence and activities of the United Nations, international organizations, and third states in the “Occupied Palestinian Territory.” The resolution, which passed with 137 votes in favor, 12 against, and 22 abstentions, expressed concern over Israel’s alleged obstruction of UN operations and humanitarian aid, called for compliance with international law, and reaffirmed the Palestinian right to self-determination. In response, Israel’s Ambassador to the UN, Danny Danon, criticized the resolution, stating: “We are repeating the same script where the focus is solely on attacking Israel and undermining its right to defend its citizens. While Palestinians exploit your indifference and the court’s surrender to terror-supporting agendas, 100 innocent civilians remain held in Gaza by Hamas.”

On January 30, 2025, Norway announced a $24 million contribution to UNRWA on the same day Israel implemented a ban on the agency’s operations within its territory. Norwegian Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide emphasized UNRWA’s critical role amid Gaza’s devastation, criticizing the Israeli law that effectively prevents its work.

On June 10, 2025, the foreign ministers of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom jointly announced sanctions and other measures targeting Israeli ministers Itamar Ben-Gvir and Bezalel Smotrich for allegedly inciting violence against Palestinians in the West Bank. The statement condemned their extremist rhetoric, which calls for forced displacement of Palestinians and settlement expansion, as undermining the two-state solution and fueling human rights abuses. While affirming continued support for Israel’s security and condemning Hamas’s October 7 attacks, the ministers emphasized that the measures are aimed at individuals threatening regional stability and called on Israel to fulfill its international obligations.

Two months later, Norway’s sovereign wealth fund, managed by Norges Bank Investment Management, has sold all its shares in 11 Israeli companies not included in the Finance Ministry’s equity benchmark index, citing the “serious humanitarian crisis” in Gaza. While the fund still holds investments in 50 other Israeli firms, it will now bring all Israel-related investments managed externally in-house and terminate contracts with Israeli external managers. CEO Nicolai Tangen said the decision responds to extraordinary circumstances, aims to simplify oversight, and follows intensified monitoring of Israeli holdings since last fall. The specific companies sold were not disclosed. Later that month, Norway’s sovereign wealth fund, the world’s largest at $2 trillion, announced it has divested from U.S. company Caterpillar and five Israeli banks on ethical grounds. The decision comes amid heightened international scrutiny of Israel’s actions following the October 7 Hamas attacks and the subsequent war in Gaza. The divestment reflects Norway’s application of its ethics guidelines in investment decisions.

This political and financial storm dominated Norway’s September 2025 elections, as the Socialist Left Party demanded even broader divestments. A parliamentary resolution ensured Norway “does not risk becoming complicit in violations of international law in Palestine.” The article noted that Israel’s war in Gaza became “one of the defining issues” of Norwegian politics and marked the collapse of Oslo’s old balance of being equally friendly with both sides.

In November 2025, Norway’s parliament voted to pause ethical divestments by its $2.1 trillion sovereign wealth fund, the world’s largest, while updating its ethical guidelines, amid growing scrutiny over recent decisions such as divesting from Caterpillar due to its equipment’s use by Israeli authorities. Finance Minister Jens Stoltenberg said the review was needed to “protect” the fund, which finances a quarter of Norway’s public spending and holds significant stakes in companies like Nvidia, Microsoft, Apple, and Amazon. The year-long suspension, supported by the Conservatives but opposed by key left-wing allies, follows election debates over the fund’s Israel-related investments. Critics, including the Socialist Left, accused the government of yielding to U.S. pressure and fear of Trump’s reaction.

Later that month, Israel’s Foreign Ministry and Norway’s Jewish community condemned Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre for attending an alternative Kristallnacht memorial organized by the Norwegian Center Against Racism instead of the official Jewish community event. The ministry called the move “a new record of moral corruption, anti-Israel hostility, and anti-Semitism,” accusing organizers of exploiting Holocaust remembrance to promote anti-Israel messages. Støre, who acknowledged that many Jews had declined to attend, warned against modern hate and vowed government protection for Jewish citizens, but his remarks failed to ease criticism. Meanwhile, a man carrying an Israeli flag was assaulted after a memorial in Sarpsborg.

Original article by Ingrid Muller with updates by AICE.

Sources: The Jewish Community of Oslo.
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Map: CIA.

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