Jews have lived in Ireland for centuries. The earliest reference is in the Annals of Innisfallen, a chronicle of medieval Irish history, in the year 1079, which states, “Five Jews came from over the sea with gifts to Tairdelbach [king of Munster] and then were sent back again over the sea.” Today, the Jewish community of Ireland numbers approximately 2,700, with almost two-thirds living in Dublin. Between 2011 and 2016, the Jewish population of Ireland increased by 30%, which officials attributed to an influx of young professionals working with U.S.-based multinational firms that have set up offices in Ireland. Jewish immigrants from Israel, South Africa, North America, and Eastern Europe also contributed to the growth of Ireland’s Jewish community since the 1990s.

Early Jewish History
Modern Community
Relations with Israel
Jews of Northern Ireland
Contact

Early Jewish History

The Annals of Innisfallen, a chronicle of Ireland’s medieval history written by monks, reveals the island had Jewish residents as far back as 1079. Following the expulsion of the Jews from Portugal in 1496, some Jews made their way to the South coast. In the town of Youghal in Cork County, the first Jewish Mayor in Ireland, Mr. William Annyas, was elected in 1555. In later years, Mr. Robert Briscoe was elected Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1956 and 1961, his son Mr. Ben Briscoe in 1988, and Mr. Gerald Goldberg, Lord Mayor of Cork, in 1977.

In 1660, the earliest recorded synagogue was established, consisting of a prayer room in Crane Lane, opposite Dublin Castle. The oldest Jewish cemetery dates from the early 1700s and is situated near Ballybough Bridge, Clontarf, Dublin 3.

Many Jews did not arrive in Ireland on purpose, disembarking ships early believing they had reached America or simply being tricked by ship captains.

Small numbers of Jews came and went between the 12th and 18th centuries, but by the beginning of the 19th century, the Jewish community had dwindled to just three families. Jewish immigration picked up in the 1820s, mainly from England, Germany, and Poland.

Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, there was some Jewish immigration from Central Europe. By 1880, over 450 Jews had settled in Dublin. They spoke English and were very prosperous. There was a synagogue on Mary’s Abbey, just north of the River Liffey. Lithuanian Jews began arriving in 1881, and by 1900, Dublin was home to more than 3,000 Jews.

Ireland
The Jewish Museum in Dublin
(formerly Walworth Road Synagogue)

The largest influx of Jews occurred between 1880 and 1910, when approximately 2,000 Jews arrived from Eastern Europe and settled mainly in Dublin, with smaller numbers settling in Belfast, Cork, Derry, Drogheda, Limerick, Lurgan, Londonberry, and Waterford. They engaged in trade, manufacturing, and other professions.

In Dublin, the Lithuanian Jews settled south of the center, in an area that was eventually dubbed “Little Jerusalem.” Many of the immigrants became peddlers, petty traders, and moneylenders. The second generation would eventually go on to become a major force in the manufacture of clothing and furniture.

The Limerick community dissipated after the so-called Limerick Pogrom in 1904, essentially an anti-Jewish economic boycott rather than a physical attack. It was the only blatant, organized anti-Semitic incident in modern Irish history, according to an article in the JTA.

Only a handful of Jews came during the Nazi period and shortly after the end of World War II. Ireland remained neutral during this time.

The Jews of Ireland had a silver age when their population peaked at approximately 5,500 from 1880 to the end of the 1940s. The numbers have since declined, but the Jewish population is slowly growing for the first time in 50 years.

The first Jewish cabinet minister is believed to have been Mervyn Taylor, who served for about four years as equality and law reform minister between 1993 and 1997. He served as a Labor Party lawmaker for 16 years until his retirement in 1997.

Modern Day Community

After World War II, slow economic growth and the tendency for young people to study abroad took a heavy toll on the Jewish community. Ninety percent of those who left settled in Britain, Israel, and the United States. Since the mid-1990s, as Ireland’s economy began to grow, a small number of Israelis, Americans, and South Africans have started to return. About 1,300 Jews reside in Dublin today, and another 400 are scattered about the country.

Ireland
The former Dublin Greenville Hall Synagogue

Most now live beyond the Grand Canal, which is the southern border of Little Jerusalem, to the south Dublin neighborhoods of Terenure, Rathmines and Rathgar. Today, many are doctors, lawyers, and university professors, although some still own retail shops. The community has a mikveh, a bakery, and a Jewish day school called Stratford College which also has many non-Jews among its student body and faculty. There used to be 11 kosher butcher shops in Dublin, but now kosher meat has to be shipped in from England.

Dublin has two synagogues:

Dublin Hebrew Congregation on Rathfarnham Road in Terenure is the largest of the three and is the seat of Ireland’s chief rabbi (the appointment of a chief rabbi has been put on hold since 2008 for financial reasons). It follows the Orthodox tradition, with a tendency towards the modern Orthodox.
Dublin Jewish Progressive Congregation is at 7 Leicester Avenue in Rathgar and is more liberal.

Dublin Hebrew Congregation’s historic Adelaide Road Synagogue was de-consecrated because the community had shrunk so much that it could no longer maintain two traditional congregations.

Although Cork was once home to some 400 Jews, it now only boasts a population of five. However, at least three times a year, for Passover, the High Holidays, and Chanukah, Jewish life in Cork becomes vibrant once again, as the synagogue founded in 1893 fills with as many as 100 people. Cork’s synagogue is located at 10 South Terrace and was built in 1896. Shalom Park, directly in front of the Hibernian Buildings along Albert Road, honors the street’s Jewish history, although the last Jewish family moved out over 30 years ago. It was dedicated in 1989.

Thirteen graves at a Jewish cemetery in Belfast were damaged, vandalized, and broken on August 26, 2016. Henry McDonald, a journalist with the Belfast Telegraph, reported that “the vandals used hammers and blocks to break up the headstones, while a larger mob looked on encouraging their actions. There is clear evidence here of forward-planning... it is undoubtedly the case that the desecration was motivated by anti-Jew hatred.”

Yoni Wieder, appointed as chief rabbi of Ireland in May 2024, faces significant challenges in leading the country’s small Jewish community. The Irish government’s critical stance toward Israel, particularly in light of the recent Gaza conflict, has deepened feelings of hurt and isolation among Irish Jews. Many in the community feel pressured to choose between their Irish and Jewish identities, creating a complex dynamic, especially for those with deep roots in Ireland and newer immigrants from Israel.

The community was further unsettled by the arrest of London-based Rabbi Jonathan Abraham under a law requiring circumcisers to be registered medical practitioners. This incident highlighted a lack of understanding of Jewish needs in Ireland, particularly regarding religious practices. Despite these challenges, Wieder remains committed to fostering unity among Irish Jews, navigating the difficulties posed by Ireland’s pro-Palestinian sentiment, and addressing the diverse needs of both long-standing Irish Jewish families and recent Israeli immigrants.

Anti-Semitism

A study of anti-Semitism in Ireland in 2021 found:

Anti-Jewish racism spreads within the corridors of power and, unlike in the UK or U.S., appears to be as much driven from the top down as the reverse.
Some Irish politicians are obsessed with attacking Israel and Zionism, treating it in a manner different from the way they treat all other international issues.
Irish politicians share material that is clearly fake, and that comes from social media accounts that are blatantly anti-Semitic.
The argument that allegations of anti-Semitism are about stifling “criticism of Israel” is used to shield some of the most horrific anti-Jewish racism.
The problem stretches across politics and NGOs and spills onto the street. There is little political will and few voices to counter it. This has led to a proliferation throughout the Irish mainstream.
In almost every town analyzed, many of the key “activists” have a history of sharing anti-Semitic content or giving voice to anti-Semitic ideology. There is even little or no reaction to activists sharing Holocaust Denial.
Anti-Semitism is a key motivator in anti-Zionist activity. The people who share anti-Semitic ideology are often those handing out leaflets, organizing the protest, and starting groups in their local areas.
These anti-Zionists view Zionists as “global manipulators,” “thieves,” “bloodsuckers,” and as people “intent on destroying the world to fulfil their own evil agenda.”
Traditional Christian anti-Semitism plays a significant role in compounding the problem in Ireland, and Christian NGOs facilitate the spread of anti-Semitism there.
In anti-Zionism, far-right and far-left merge.

The report also described the circumstances surrounding the resignation in 2014 of Alan Shatter, the country`s only Jewish Minister for Justice and Defense, who was wrongly condemned and described as the Irish Dreyfus.

Following the release of the report, Maurice Cohen, Chair of the Jewish Representative Council of Ireland, released a statement calling on the government to immediately adopt the IHRA definition of anti-Semitism, to appoint an envoy on anti-Semitism to the European Commission, and to publicly apologize to Shatter.

A 2024 report by the Institute for Monitoring Peace and Cultural Tolerance in School Education (Impact-se) reveals that Irish school textbooks foster anti-Semitic attitudes by downplaying the Holocaust and presenting Israel negatively in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The report highlights troubling distortions, such as describing Auschwitz as a “prisoner of war camp” and portraying Judaism as a warmongering religion. Additionally, textbooks perpetuate disinformation, including claims that Jesus lived in “Palestine” and accuse Jews of oppressing Palestinians. Impact-se argues that these portrayals contribute to the growing anti-Semitism and hostility towards Israel in the country.

On January 15, 2025, it was reported that Irish Jews were protesting the planned appearance of Irish President Michael Higgins at the country’s Holocaust Memorial Day ceremony. Higgins has been accused of downplaying anti-Semitism in Ireland and delegitimizing Jewish viewpoints, leading to the closure of Israel’s embassy in Dublin. Irish Jewish leaders have called Higgins’s planned appearance “inappropriate,” arguing that his past statements make him an unsuitable choice for the commemoration. They cite his dismissal of Israeli concerns about rising anti-Semitism in Ireland as “a PR exercise” and his failure to address the issue. Oliver Sears, the head of Holocaust Awareness Ireland, expressed concern that Higgins’s presence would cause “further insult” to Irish Jews.

The next day, Minister for Foreign Affairs Micheál Martin announced Ireland’s endorsement of the non-legally binding Global Guidelines for Countering Antisemitism and the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance’s non-legally binding working definition of antisemitism. The Tánaiste said:

Ireland is committed to countering the scourge of racism and hatred and to promoting the values of equality, inclusiveness and the full respect of human rights. Combatting antisemitism is an increasingly important and visible part of this work. I have been deeply concerned at the current trend of a global rise in antisemitism, both online and offline. The government takes this issue seriously and we will continue to tackle all forms of discrimination. I believe the step taken today will be an important contribution to these efforts. We will also continue our close relationship with the Jewish community in Ireland and ensure that their concerns are heard.

On January 26, 2025, speaking at Ireland’s Holocaust Memorial Day ceremony, connected the Holocaust to the ongoing Israel-Hamas war in Gaza, praising the recent ceasefire and emphasizing the importance of global cooperation over war. His remarks, which included criticism of indifference toward historical atrocities and references to suffering on both sides, sparked protests from attendees, with some walking out and others forcibly removed. In response, Israeli Foreign Minister Gideon Sa’ar condemned Higgins’ remarks as a “cheap, despicable provocation.” He criticized Higgins for echoing Hamas propaganda and anti-Semitic lies at the event. Sa’ar labeled Higgins’ actions and policies as shameful and distorted.

A new survey by the Claims Conference found that half of Irish adults do not know that six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, with 8% believing it is a myth and 17% saying the death toll has been greatly exaggerated, highlighting significant gaps in historical knowledge despite strong public support for Holocaust education, as nine in ten respondents said it should be taught in schools, amid broader concerns about anti-Semitism, online denial, and the declining number of Holocaust survivors.

Relations with Israel

Ireland's steadfast support for Palestinians, often expressed through criticism of Israeli policies, finds its roots in historical parallels with its own fight for independence from British colonial rule. This solidarity is underscored by Ireland's decision to formally recognize Palestine as a state, drawing direct comparisons between their quests for self-determination and justice. The backdrop of British colonialism, both for Irish people and Palestinians, deepens Irish empathy, positioning Ireland as one of Europe's most outspoken critics of Israeli actions in Gaza after October 7.

This steadfast support for Palestinians transcends political boundaries within Ireland, uniting various parties in their advocacy for Palestinian rights. Public sentiment strongly favors Palestinians, with a significant segment of the Irish population condemning Israeli actions. This sentiment often translates into tangible actions, such as protests and advocacy campaigns, including calls for diplomatic measures and divestment from Israeli entities operating in the disputed territories.

The historical ties shared between Ireland and the Palestinians, coupled with perceived common struggles, have cultivated a profound sense of kinship and solidarity. This solidarity extends beyond symbolism, manifesting in Ireland's diplomatic and humanitarian support for Palestinians, which includes financial assistance and diplomatic endeavors at the United Nations. Despite potential diplomatic repercussions, Ireland remains resolute in its backing of Palestinians, even if it means being at odds with key allies like the United States and the United Kingdom.

The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) joined the coalition with Theresa May's Conservative Party in June 2017 to help her form a government, which bodes well for ties with Israel. Northern Ireland’s DUP Members of Parliament are amongst the staunchest supporters of Israel in the House of Commons. According to Steven Jaffe, Christian Zionism is a potent force amongst Ulster’s church-going Protestant community, the traditional heartland of DUP support.

Irish airline Ryanair tripled their amount of flight options to Israel in February 2016 with the addition of 15 new flight routes, including 7 new routes to Tel Aviv.

Members of the Dublin City Council elected to fly the Palestinian flag outside of Dublin City Hall for one month in May 2017 following a heated debate. The decision to fly the flag in solidarity with the Palestinian people was approved after a vote of 42 members in favor out of 63 total. An amendment to the proposal, which would have seen both the Israeli and Palestinian flags flown outside Dublin City Hall, was defeated, with 43 members of the City Council voting against it.

Israel’s first ambassador to Ireland arrived in 1994. Since 1948, 673 Irish Jews have immigrated to Israel.

On May 22, 2024, Ireland, along with Norway and Spain, jointly announced plans to formally recognize a Palestinian state, stating that this is intended to achieve lasting peace in the Middle East. Israel, however, swiftly condemned the move, branding it as a reward for terror after the October 7 attacks by Hamas, and ordered the immediate recall of its ambassadors from those countries.

On October 7, 2024, it was reported that UNIFIL forces in south Lebanon refused an Israeli request to move five kilometers north to avoid the fighting between the IDF and Hezbollah, citing concerns that Israeli tanks near the peacekeepers were endangering their troops. Ireland, which contributes 347 soldiers to UNIFIL’s 10,000-strong contingent, rejected the request despite its soldiers being near the fighting. Irish President Michael Higgins criticized Israel for allegedly threatening the peacekeeping force and violating UN Resolution 1701, which mandates respect for UNIFIL’s role. In response, the Israeli embassy in Dublin denied the accusations, stating that the IDF had asked UNIFIL to relocate for their safety, not as a threat. UNIFIL spokesperson Andrea Teneti affirmed that the peacekeeping mission would continue its duties and remain in contact with all relevant parties to de-escalate tensions.

On November 10, 2024, during a World War II memorial ceremony in Dublin, Canon David Oxley delivered a speech harshly criticizing Israel, accusing it of deliberate violence and an ideology of superiority. His claims, including allegations of targeting civilians in Gaza and starving its population, provoked widespread anger, particularly within Ireland’s Jewish community. The Israeli embassy condemned his remarks as anti-Semitic propaganda and an inappropriate hijacking of the event. Oxley later clarified that his remarks were personal and not reflective of the Church’s position. Chief Rabbi of Ireland Yoni Wider sent a strongly worded letter denouncing Oxley’s speech as inflammatory, inaccurate, and harmful, warning it could incite further anti-Semitism. Rabbi Wider also highlighted Oxley’s selective narrative, ignoring Hamas’s and Hezbollah’s aggression, and invited him for a discussion to promote understanding and dialogue.

In response to the International Criminal Court’s arrest warrants issued on November 21, 2024, against Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, Ireland stated it would comply with the warrants. Ireland’s Prime Minister Simon Harris said Netanyahu would “absolutely” be detained if he arrived there.

On December 15, 2024, Israel announced it would close its embassy in Ireland in response to Dublin’s decision to join a petition at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) accusing Israel of “genocide.” Israeli Foreign Minister Gideon Sa’ar cited Ireland’s “extreme anti-Israeli policy” as the reason for the move, emphasizing Dublin’s support for South Africa’s legal action. Sa’ar noted that Ireland’s prior unilateral recognition of a Palestinian state had also strained relations. In response, Irish Prime Minister Simon Harris called Israel’s decision “deeply regrettable” and rejected claims that Ireland is anti-Israel. He emphasized that Ireland is “pro-peace, pro-human rights, and pro-international law,” advocating for a two-state solution where Israel and “Palestine” coexist in peace and security. Harris defended Ireland’s alleged commitment to speaking up for human rights and international law, stating “nothing will distract” them from this stance.

On December 17, 2024, Higgins made several accusations regarding Israel’s actions in the Middle East. He claimed that Israel breached the sovereignty of Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt and falsely asserted that Israel sought to establish settlements in Egypt. Higgins also condemned the labeling of Irish people as anti-Semitic for “disagreeing with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s policies,” calling it “gross defamation and slander.” In response, Sa’ar called Higgins an “anti-Semitic liar”. He refuted Higgins’ claims, explaining that Israel’s actions in Lebanon were defensive against Hezbollah, its limited incursions into Syria were aimed at preventing attacks from jihadists, and Israel had withdrawn from the Sinai Peninsula as part of the 1979 peace agreement with Egypt. Sa’ar further criticized Ireland’s neutrality during World War II.

A December 2024 survey of Irish Christians revealed deeply entrenched anti-Semitic attitudes, particularly within the Catholic community, with researchers calling the findings “disturbing” and “Medieval.” The study, conducted by Professors Motti Inbari and Kirill Bumin, showed Irish Christians hold significantly more anti-Jewish views than their UK or U.S. counterparts, including Holocaust minimization, stereotypes about Jewish power, and low support for Israel—only 11.3% compared to 42.3% of American Christians. Theological beliefs, especially supersessionism and negative teachings about Jews in churches, were key drivers of these views, with Irish Catholics notably less supportive of Israel than Protestants. The study also found a strong link between anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism, a generational decline in support for Israel, and concerning distortions in school textbooks. Despite funding from a Christian evangelical group, the researchers emphasized their data’s independence and urged religious leaders to counter harmful narratives.

On January 7, 2024, Ireland officially joined genocide case against Israel at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), becoming the latest country to intervene in the legal battle initiated by South Africa in December 2023, which accuses Israel of committing genocide in Gaza. Ireland’s intervention does not add new allegations. It focuses on the legal framework, arguing that genocide can occur even without explicit intent if a perpetrator knows or should know the likely consequences of their actions. This move reflects Ireland’s increasingly critical stance on Israel’s conduct during its Gaza offensive, which followed Hamas’s October 7, 2023 attacks.

On February 7, 2025, Ireland pledged €20 million ($20.6 million) to UNRWA to support its humanitarian work in Gaza, the West Bank, and for Palestine refugees across the Middle East. The aid is intended to bolster UNRWA’s efforts to provide vital relief. Ireland has provided €38 million ($39.2 million) to UNRWA’s efforts over 2023 and 2024.

In March 2025, an Israeli national was harassed and spat at by two women in Dublin during a business trip. He and his co-worker were targeted for being Israeli, with one of the women even revealing she had gathered personal information about him, including his hotel. The women, identified as pro-Palestinian activists Zeina Ismail and Lena Seale, cursed at him, declared Zionists unwelcome in Ireland, and later boasted about spitting on him. He described the experience as an act of terrorism, noting that no one intervened, and the police took two hours to respond with little concern. He later moved hotels due to safety concerns and vowed never to return to Ireland. Irish authorities have launched an investigation.

Ireland’s parliament is set to pass a controversial bill in July 2025, criminalizing the import of goods from Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, making it the first EU country to do so. The proposed legislation, titled the “Israeli Settlements (Prohibition of Importation of Goods) 2025,” has drawn sharp criticism from Jewish organizations in Ireland and abroad, who warn it will exacerbate anti-Semitism and harm both Palestinians and Jews. During a parliamentary hearing on July 15, Maurice Cohen, chair of Ireland’s Jewish Representative Council, cautioned that the bill would embolden anti-Semitic sentiment and reflect a dangerous double standard.

The Jews of Northern Ireland

Prior to the 19th century, no record existed of a significant Jewish settlement in Northern Ireland. There was, however, at least one Jew residing in Belfast in the year 1652, a tailor named Manuel Lightfoot.

Around 1845, Mr. Daniel Jaffe, a merchant from Hamburg, visited Belfast to establish contacts in the sale of linens. Within the next decade, he established three Jaffe Brothers, George Betzold & Company, and Moore & Weinberg linen houses in Belfast. During this time, the Dublin Jewish minister was the Rev. Julius Sandheim. In his Register of Births, the earliest recorded Jewish birth was a male child born in 1849 to Meir Levy.

**Grave of an unknown Jewish person in Castletroy, Limerick.**

By the year 1869, the number of Jewish residents in Belfast had grown to twenty-one. In the following year, a synagogue in Great Victoria Street was founded by Mr. Jaffe, Mr. Weinberg, Mr. Betzhold, Mr. Boas, Mr. Lippman, and Mr. Portheim. The project was funded by Mr. Daniel Jaffe. Rev. Dr. Joseph Chotzner officiated and conducted Hebrew and religion classes for the Jewish children of Belfast at his home at 71 Great Victoria Street.

In 1891, 282 Jews lived in Northern Ireland, 205 of whom were located in Belfast and five in Londonderry. The introduction by the Russian Parliament of the “May Laws” in 1882 caused an exodus of Russian Jewry fleeing Tsarist oppression. A sprinkling of such fugitives found their way to Belfast. The Belfast Hebrew Board of Guardians was then formed by Mr. Max Veital in 1893. Mr. Veital, along with a Mr. Cohen, was also instrumental in founding the Belfast Chevra Kadisha, or the Belfast Holy Burial Society. In 1896, a Belfast Hebrew Ladies Foreign Benevolent Society was created. By 1901, 708 Jews resided in Belfast, 58 in Londonderry, and 899 in all of Ulster.

The several Russian Jewish families that arrived in Belfast were given a safe haven from the pogroms and vicious persecution of their homeland. Despite economic hardships, these families managed to rent a small house in the Carlisle Circus, New Lodge Road and Lower Antrim Road area. They were kindly received by the local inhabitants and, shortly afterwards, established a prayer house on Jackson Street. With an increase in childbirth, the Regent Street School was soon established at the rear of the present Clifton Street Orange Hall. The Greenville Hall Synagogue, located on Annesley Street, opened in 1904, after a significant donation from Sir Otto Jaffe, president of the community and Lord Mayor of Belfast. Three years later, the Jaffe Public Elementary School at the corner of Cliftonville and Antrim Road was founded.

One of the most renowned figures of the early part of the 20th century was Rabbi Jacob Shachter, who officiated the synagogue from 1926 until 1953. Rabbi Dr. Isaac Herzog, known as the “Sinn Féin Rabbi,” was appointed the first Chief Rabbi of the Irish Free State. From 1937 until his death in 1959, was the Ashkenazi chief rabbi of British Mandate Palestine and Israel. His son, Chaim, Israel’s sixth president, was born in Belfast in 1918.

Barney Hurwitz, the long-serving President of the Belfast Hebrew Congregation, was appointed a Justice of the Peace and honored by the OBE. Louis Hyman also was appointed Justice of Peace. Jackie Morris was declared His Excellency the Israel Ambassador to New Zealand after having served as the consul in New York.

In 1907, the National School for Jewish Children was established. A children’s hostel opened on Clifton Park Avenue during the Second World War, and a Millisle farm served as a refuge for children escaping the war.

Contact

Jewish Representative Council of Ireland
CHAIRMAN: Maurice COHEN
Address:Herzog House Zion Road Rathgar, Dublin 6
Tel:+ 3531 4923751
Email:office@jewishireland.org

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