Breakthrough Dividend:
Israeli Innovations in Biotechnology That Could Benefit Americans

by Dr. Irvin M. Asher

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Copyright

Forward

Preface

Executive Summary

AS WE START

1. What's in this Report?

An Introduction
Methodology
Back to the Future


2. What is Biotechnology?

Making Semantics Pay
A Pragmatic Choice
How Many Biotechnology Companies in Israel?
Slicing Up the Pie


3. Biotechnology in the U.S. and Israel: An Overview

U.S. Biotechnology
Israel Biotechnology
Of Doctors and Farmers


4. Working Together

The U.S.-Israel Science and Technology Commission Report
The U.S.-Israel Biotechnology Council
American and Israeli Views
Who Benefits?

SCIENCE IN ISRAEL

5. Meet the Players

6. Academia

Universities and Research Centers
Where Does the Money Come From?
The R&D Continuum


7. Government

Overview
Ministry of Science and the Arts (MOSA)
Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT)
Government Policy Initiatives


8. Industry Support Groups

National Committee for Biotechnology (NCB)
MATIMOP
Other


9. U.S. Government Support

U.S.-Israel Binational Foundations (BSF, BARD, BIRD)
U.S.-Israel Binational Programs (CDR, CDP, MERC)
Direct U.S. Government Contracts and Grants


10. Industry

WHAT'S NEW?

11. Human Health

An Overview

12. Human Diagnostics

A Quick Start
Looking Ahead
Cancer Diagnostics
Other Diagnostics
In Industry


13. Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines

A Full Medicine Chest
Biotechnological Therapeutics
Cardiovascular Therapeutics
In Industry


14. Hormones and Enzymes

Enzymes and Endogenous Active Proteins
In Industry


15. Immunoactive Agents and Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy
In Industry


16. Gene Therapy

17. Agriculture/Plants (I)

Overview
Genetic Manipulation
In Industry


18. Agriculture/Plants (II)

Plant Diagnostics
Plant Protection
Propagation and Tissue Culture


19. Agriculture/Animals

Overview Genetic Manipulation
Therapeutics and Vaccines
Diagnostics

SPECIAL TOPICS

20. Missing Links

Connections Needed
Green Apples


21. Clinical Trials, GCP's and GCO's

Drug Registration
Why Israel?
So What's the Holdup?
The GCP's
What Needs to be Done?


22. Toward the Future: Recommendations

APPENDICES

A. A Biotechnology Primer

B. Interviews

C. Index of Industries

D. About the Author

E. About the Sponsor

F. Abbreviations

TABLES AND FIGURES

FIGURE 1. THE ISRAELI RESEARCH CONTINUUM
Table 1. What Is Biotechnology?
Table 2. Biotechnology: Simplified Conceptualization
Table 3. Biotechnology: A Pragmatic Classification
Table 4. Distribution of Israeli IHE Students by Degree (1993)
Table 5. Distribution of Israeli Students by IHE (1993)
Table 6. Biotechnology in Israeli Academia
Table 7. Who Carries Out Research?
Table 8. Who Pays?
Table 9. Israeli University Support Organizations
Table 10. Israel Biotechnology Firms (from the Israel National Committee for Biotechnology) Directory of Israel Biotechnologists (1994)