McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle

In air-to-air combat in Vietnam, lightweight Soviet-made fighters, the MiG-17,19 and 21, had proved deadly opponents for the large and capable F-4 Phantom in close combat. Disappointed with the air-to-air combat results achieved, the U.S Air Force recognized the need for an air superiority fighter that would dominate any future fighting, and in 1965 the USAF issued the FX requirement for such a fighter. Not only did the aircraft have to prevail in a scenario where it was outnumbered by small and versatile fighters, but in 1967 the MiG-25 Foxbat was revealed to the world, and the new American fighter had to defeat this newest threat, higher flying and faster than any previous Soviet fighter. Lacking better intelligence, The MiG-25 was attributed with performance that far outclassed anything that the West had to offer.

Picked out of 8 aircraft manufacturers, McDonnell Douglas was awarded the FX contract on December 23rd 1969. The first aircraft was roled out on June 26th, 1972 and took off on its maiden flight on July 27th. The original F-15 Eagle versions, the A and B, have since been superseded by the C and D variants and by the F-15E Strike Eagle, with better air-to-ground capabilities while preserving its air-to-air capabilities. More than 25 years after its service entry, the Eagle is still considered the best air superiority fighter in the world and is operated by the U.S.A, Japan, Israel and Saudi Arabia. While no Eagle has ever been shot down in combat, F-15s have shot down over 90 opponents, the majority of these while in service with the Israeli Air Force. The Israeli aqcuisition of the F-15 Eagle was initiated under the Peace Fox programme in 1975 and Israel became the type's first export customer. The requirement for a new air superiority fighter emerged after the 1973 Yom-Kippur war and the great changes the IAF underwent to deal with threats revealed in that war (these changes included the aqcuisition of the F-15, F-16, and Cobra gunships to name a few). The first and foremost Arab threat to Israeli air supremacy was the MiG-25, operating from Arab countries, routinely overflying Israel unhampered. The first 4 IAF Eagles arrived on December 10th 1976 and on the same day scored their first kill. Arriving on Friday, within the Jewish Sabbath, this prompted religious parties in Israel's parliament, the Knesset, to topple the government of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. The first 4 were nicknamed "Sufa", "Sa'ar" (Storm and Tempest, the same names given to the first IAF Gloster Meteors), "Barak" (Lightning) and Ra'am (Thunder), while the type was commonly known as the "Baz" (Falcon). The remaining 21 aircraft of the initial order, 19 F-15As and 2 F-15Bs were delivered during 1977 and with the arrival of the Eagle, MiG-25 flights over Israel ceased to take place.

The F-15 went into action for the first time during March 1978, flying top cover for Israeli ground operations against Palestinian terrorists in Southern Lebanon. Only on July 27th 1979 did the Eagles score their first air-to-air victory. The IAF had sent the Eagles to protect aircraft flying attack sorties against PLO targets in Lebanon when 8 Syrian MiG-21s attempted to engage the attacking aircraft. Five MiG-21s were downed using missiles and cannons in the Eagle's first engagement worldwide. Four more MiGs were downed in September 1979, another MiG in late 1980 and another pair on December 31st, 1980. As formerly mentioned, one of the prime reason for the developement of the F-15 and its acquisition by the IAF had been the MiG-25 Foxbat, which had frustrated the IAF in the early 1970s. On February 13th, 1981, an opportunity was finally awarded to the F-15 to engage the Foxbat, and in the first worldwide kill of the type, an IAF F-15 shot down a Foxbat. Another MiG-25 was downed on July 29th and a third on August 31st, 1982, in a joint F-15 - Hawk SAM ambush. F-15As also flew top cover for F-16 Fighting Falcons during their famous attack of the Osirak Nuclear Plant in Baghdad, on June 7th, 1981, escorting the Falcons all the way to the Iraqi capital.

On June 6th, 1982, Israel began operation "Peace For Gaillee" and its ground forces pushed into Lebanon in pursuit of Palestinian terrorists. Contact was expected to be made with the Syrians, the main power broker in Lebanon, but during the first days of the fighting the Syrians mainly kept their forces at bay, only a few dogfights taking place. Only as IDF forces continued their push northward into Lebanon, approaching areas under Syrian control, did contact become inevitable and the IAF got to exercise its full ability. On June 9th a single IAF pilot managed to shoot down four Syrian MiGs and land his aircraft after it was hit by an air-to-air missile. By the end of the first week of hostilities, over 85 Syrian aircraft had been shot down, 40 of them by IAF F-15 Eagles. Most kills were made with either the AIM-9 Sidewinder or the Israeli Python 3 short range missiles, a few (including the various MiG-25s) were shot down with the AIM-7 Sparrow, while a number of aircraft were cannon kills.

On October 1st 1985 eight Israeli F-15s made their way across the Mediterranean to strike at the PLO headquarters in Tunis in retaliation of the murder of three Israeli citizens in Larnaka, Cyprus. In the IAF's longest range attack ever, the F-15s, refuelled in flight by Boeing 707s, flew 2040km to their targets, and destroyed the buildings located on the Tunisian beachfront. The Defence Minister at the time, Yitzhak Rabin (the same whose government had been toppled by the arrival of the first F-15s and who in 1994 authorized the purchase of the F-15I) had commented on the attack : "the long arm of Israeli retribution will reach them wherever they are". Following this raid, Syrian MiGs began challenging IAF reconnaissance missions in Lebanon, and on November 30th 1985, IAF F-15s shot down two MiG-23s, in the last air engagement between Israel and Syria to this day.

Israeli F-15s continue to take part in IAF operations over Lebanon, attacking groung targets on a number of occasions. In all, Israel has purchased 104 F-15s, of a number of variants. In 1981 18 F-15Cs and 8 F-15Ds joined the IAF inventroy under the Peace Marble III programme. More F-15s were delivered in 1989 under Peace Marble IV, while still more aircraft were awarded to Israel by the U.S.A for restraint shown during the 1991 Gulf war. The latest variant to join the IAF is the F-15I, a downgraded F-15E Strike Eagle, equipping a single squadron.

25 years after its arrival in the Israeli Air Force, the F-15 Eagle continues to be Israel's primary air supremacy fighter, and is likely to continue to fulfill this role for many years to come. Yet to be defeated, not only in Israel but throughout the world, the F-15 will take an important part in any future engagement. The Eagle's survivability, excellent performace and combat effectiveness is in no little part due to the sound and robust design, best displayed by an IAF F-15 on May 1st, 1983. On a joint training flight with A-4 Skyhawks, an F-15D collided with a Skyhawk. While the Skyhawk crew had to eject, the Eagle crew managed to land their crippled aircraft, whose entire right wing had been torn off!

Specification: McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle
Type: single seat air superiority and fighter with secondary attack role.
Powerplant: 2 * Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-100 afterburning turbofan engines.
Performance: max speed - Mach 2.5+, service ceiling - 60,000ft, max range - 5745km.
Weights: empty - 12973kg, max takeoff - 30844kg.
Dimensions: length - 19.43m, span 13.05m, height - 5.63m.
Armament: One M61A1 20mm six barrel cannon, with up to 4 AIM-7 Sparrow and 4 AIM-9 Sidewinder / Python 3/4 air-to-air missiles, or 8 AMRAAMs. Five weapon stations for up to 10705kg of bombs, rockets and air-to-surface missiles.

Sources: IAF Inventory