AJC Surveys of American Jewish Opinion

Knowledge of History
Party ID
American Jewish Relations with Israeli Jews
How President Handles U.S.-Israel Relations
Iran
Peace
Jerusalem
Golan Heights
Jewish Identity
Security and Anti-Semitism
Lebanon
World Affairs And Transatlantic Relations
Terrorism/Hamas
Domestic Campaign Issues
Iraq
Islamic World
International Jewish Issues
Holocaust

Knowledge of History

How would you rate your level of knowledge about the history of the Zionist movement and the State of Israel? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Know a lot	30%
Know some	46%
Don’t know much	19%
Don’t know much at all	6%

How would you rate your level of knowledge about the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Know a lot	36%
Know some	49%
Don’t know much	13%
Don’t know much at all	2%

How would you rate your level of knowledge about the history and modern expressions of antisemitism? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Know a lot	38%
Know some	51%
Don’t know much	10%
Don’t know much at all	1%

How would you rate your level of knowledge about the Jewish people’s historical and religious connections to the Land of Israel? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Know a lot	44%
Know some	47%
Don’t know much	8%
Don’t know much at all	1%

Party ID

Generally speaking, do you usually think of yourself as…? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2018	2019	2020	2021	2024
Republican	18%	16%	16%	16%	15%	15%	17%	16%	18%	14%	13%	31%
Democrat	48%	51%	54%	54%	54%	58%	56%	51%	49%	53%	51%	68%
Independent	32%	31%	29%	29%	29%	26%	25%	24%	20%	25%	22%	0%
Don’t Know/No Response / Other	2%	1%	2%	1%	3%	2%	2%	9%	2%	8%	14%

Where would you place yourself on this scale?

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2018	2020	2024
Total Liberal	37%	40%	45%	44%	42%	43%	44%	51%	57%	47%
Moderate	34%	33%	30%	29%	32%	31%	30%	25%	25%	32%
Total Conservative	29%	27%	23%	26%	25%	23%	24%	22%	17%	20%

American Jewish Relations with Israeli Jews

Thinking about now compared with before October 7, would you say that you feel: (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
More connected to Israel	45%
Less connected to Israel	19%
Neither more nor less connected	36%

Looking ahead five years, do you think that the ties between American and Israeli Jews will be...?

	2000*	2002*	2003*	2004*	2018	2019
Stronger Than Today	32%	38%	36%	29%	20%	18%
Weaker Than Today	12%	8%	9%	10%	15%	24%
About The Same	50%	53%	53%	59%	60%	53%
Don’t Know/No Response	6%	2%	2%	2%	5%	4%

#Different wording - Becoming closer, Drifting apart, Neither, Not sure

Using the metaphor of a family, do you consider Israeli Jews as your...?

	2018	2019	2021
Siblings	12%	13%	11%
First Cousins	15%	15%	15%
Extended Family	39%	43%	46%
Not Part of my Family	31%	28%	28%
Don’t Know/No Response	2%	1%	1%

Do you have family in Israel with whom you feel close?

	2018	2019
Yes	25%	28%
No	74%	72%

How important is being connected with Israel to your Jewish identity?

	2020	2021
Very important	29%	29%
Somewhat important	30%	31%
Not too important	24%	21%
Not at all important	17%	19%

How close do you feel to Israel?

	2000	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Very close	28%	29%	31%	31%	36%	37%	30%	29%
Fairly close	46%	44%	43%	44%	41%	39%	40%	38%
Fairly distant	18%	20%	18%	19%	18%	16%	21%	23%
Very distant	7%	6%	8%	6%	5%	6%	8%	8%
Not sure	1%	1%	1%	0%	1%	2%	1%	2%

Do you think that a thriving Diaspora is vital for the long-term future of the Jewish people?

	2018	2019
Yes	69%	65%
No	17%	16%
Don’t Know/No Response	14%	17%

Do you think that a thriving State of Israel is vital for the long-term future of the Jewish people?

	2018	2019
Yes	79%	72%
No	17%	25%
Don’t Know/No Response	3%	4%

Do you think it appropriate for American Jews to attempt to influence Israeli policy on such issues as national security and peace negotiations with the Palestinians?

	2018	2019
Yes, it is Appropriate	53%	57%
No, it is Not Appropriate	43%	40%
Don’t Know/No Response	4%	4%

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? "Regardless of their individual views on the peace negotiations with the Arabs, American Jews should support the policies of the duly elected government of Israel."

	2004	2003	2002	2000
Agree	63%	63%	61%	62%
Disagree	33%	34%	36%	32%
Not sure	3%	4%	4%	7%

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? "Israel no longer needs the financial support of American Jews."

	2000
Agree	10%
Disagree	87%
Not sure	2%

Have you ever visited Israel?

	2000	2002	2005	2019	2021
No	58%	63%	59%	59%	53%
Yes, once	23%	20%	20%	16%	24%
Yes, more than once 1	20%	17%	20%	15%	13%
Yes, at least five times				10%	8%

(If answered never been to Israel) Why have you never been to Israel?

	2005	2021
Personal safety concerns	20%	9%
Lack of interest	18%	24%
Lack of opportunity		25%
Travel costs / Lack of Funds	49%	27%
Hostility to Israel	2%
Another reason		14%
Not sure	11%

In your opinion, can the State of Israel be both a Jewish state and a democracy, and if not, which should it be?

	2018
It Can be Both	68%
It Should Just be a Jewish State	7%
It Should Just be a Democracy	20%
Don’t Know/No Response	4%

Do you think the fact that Orthodox Judaism is the only denomination recognized by Israel as an official form of Judaism...?

	2018
Strengthens Ties Between U.S. and Israeli Jews	7%
Weakens Ties Between U.S. and Israeli Jews	53%
Has no Effect	35%
Don’t Know/No Response	4%

Currently, Jewish weddings, divorces, and conversions to Judaism in Israel are recognized only if Orthodox rabbis officiate. Should non-Orthodox rabbis also be permitted to officiate?

	2018
Yes	80%
No	17%
Don’t Know/No Response	3%

Currently, Israeli law does not allow for civil [secular] marriage and divorce. Should the law be changed, and civil marriage and divorce allowed?

	2018
Yes	81%
No	13%
Don’t Know/No Response	5%

Currently, prayer services at the Western Wall in Jerusalem—a site holy to Jews—are conducted according to Orthodox tradition, with men and women separated by a barrier. Do you support or oppose a mixed-gender prayer area adjacent to the Western Wall administered on an equal basis with the services at the Wall itself?

	2018
Support	73%
Oppose	21%
Don’t Know/No Response	6%

Tension between secular and ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israel is becoming sharper. In your view, who is principally responsible for this increase in tension?

	2000
Secular israelis	7%
Ultra-Orthodox Israelis	72%
Both equally	12%
Not sure	9%

Which one of the following qualities do you consider most important to your Jewish identity?

	2002	2003	2004
Being part of the Jewish people	41%	41%	43%
Religious observance	13%	16%	14%
Support for Israel	5%	6%	6%
A committment to social justice	21%	19%	20%
Something else	18%	17%	16%
Not sure	2%	2%	1%

Please rate the importance of each of the following to your Jewish identity, indicating whether it is extremely important, very important, somewhat important, or not important. (American Jewish Committee)

	Participation in synagogue services	Jewish Study	Travel to Israel	Jewish organizational activity	Celebration of Jewish holidays	Remembrance of the Holocaust
Extremely important
2005	10%	10%	5%	6%	21%	25%
Very important
2005	30%	32%	24%	28%	49%	58%
Somewhat important
2005	34%	41%	38%	42%	25%	15%
Not important
2005	26%	17%	32%	24%	5%	2%

In your opinion, which is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today--intermarriage or anti-Semitism?

	2002	2003	2004	2005
Intermarriage	31%	27%	32%	33%
Anti-Semitism	66%	68%	66%	62%
Both equally Vol.)	2%	3%	2%	3%
Not sure	2%	2%	1%	2%

Do you belong to a synagogue or temple?

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
Yes	51%	50%	51%	57%	53%	50%
No	49%	50%	49%	43%	46%	50%

How President and Prime Minister Handles U.S.-Israel Relations

How strongly do you approve or disapprove of the job Joe Biden is doing as president? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2021	2024
Approve	70%	56%
Disapprove	26%	40%

How strongly do you approve or disapprove of the way President Biden is handling the Israel-Hamas war? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Approve	48%
Disapprove	43%

How would you characterize the U.S.-Israel relationship today?

	2020	2021
Very strong	33%	20%
Fairly strong	53%	56%
Fairly weak	9%	16%
Very weak	9%	4%
No opinion	2%	4%

Do you approve or disapprove of the way President Biden is handling U.S.-Israel Relations?*

	2021
Approve Strongly	19%
Approve Somewhat	39%
Disapprove Somewhat	11%
Disapprove Strongly	16%
Don’t Know/No Response	15%

Do you approve or disapprove of the way President Trump is handling US-Israel Relations?

	2018	2019
Approve Strongly	21%	22%
Approve Somewhat	13%	14%
Disapprove Somewhat	16%	14%
Disapprove Strongly	41%	45%
Don’t Know/No Response	8%	4%

Overall, do you approve or disapprove of the way Donald Trump is doing his job as president?

	2020
Approve Strongly	15%
Approve Somewhat	7%
Disapprove Somewhat	4%
Disapprove Strongly	73%

Is your opinion of the job President Trump is doing favorable or unfavorable?

	2018	2019
Favorable	26%	26%
Unfavorable	71%	71%
Don’t Know/No Response	3%	2%

Do you approve or disapprove of the Obama Administration’s handling of US-Israel relations?

	2009	2010
Approve	54%	55%
Disapprove	32%	37%
Not sure	14%	8%

Do you agree or disagree with the Obama Administration’s call for a stop to all new Israeli settlement construction?

Agree	41%
Disagree	51%
Not sure	8%

Do you approve or disapprove of the Netanyahu government’s handling of US-Israel relations?

	2009	2010
Approve	59%	57%
Disapprove	23%	30%
Not sure	17%	12%

How would you characterize relations between Israel and the United States today? Are they very positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative, or very negative?

	1997	1998	1999	2000	2002	2003	2004	2005
Very positive	23%	14%	15%	20%	21%	15%	13%	21%
Somewhat positive	67%	70%	70%	70%	69%	71%	71%	65%
Somewhat negative	9%	14%	14%	7%	9%	13%	14%	12%
Very negative	0%	1%	1%	0%	1%	1%	1%	1%
Not sure	0%	1%	1%	2%	1%	1%	1%	1%

Iran

Do you approve or disapprove of the way President Biden is handling the Iran nuclear issue?

	2021
Approve Strongly	22%
Approve Somewhat	33%
Disapprove Somewhat	9%
Disapprove Strongly	23%
Don’t Know/No Response	13%

Do you approve or disapprove of the Obama Administration’s handling of the Iran nuclear issue?

	2009	2010
Approve	49%	47%
Disapprove	35%	42%
Not sure	15%	11%

Do you approve or disapprove of the way the United States government is handling the situation with Iran’s nuclear weapons program?

	2006
Approve	33%
Disapprove	54%
Not sure	13%

How concerned are you about the prospect of Iran obtaining nuclear weapons? Are you very concerned, somewhat concerned, not concerned, or not concerned at all?

	2007
Very concerned	59%
Somewhat concerned	33%
Not concerned	7%
Not sure	0%

Would you support or oppose the United States taking military action against Iran to prevent it from developing nuclear weapons?

	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
Support	49%	38%	35%	42%	56%	53%
Oppose	46%	54%	57%	47%	36%	42%
Not sure	6%	8%	8%	11%	7%	4%

Would you support or oppose the Israel taking military action against Iran to prevent it from developing nuclear weapons?

	2009	2010
Support	66%	62%
Oppose	28%	33%
Not sure	5%	5%

How much of a chance do you think there is that a combination of diplomacy and sanctions can stop Iran from developing nuclear weapons?*(2010)

Good chance	5%
Some chance	27%
Little chance	45%
No chance	23%
Not sure	1%

Peace

Compared to one year ago, do you feel (more) optimistic about peace between Israel and individual Arab countries, (less) optimistic, or has there NOT been much change in how you feel? [2021 wording]

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2009	2010	2020	2021
More optimistic now	2%	5%	5%	21%	12%	6%	37%	33%
Less optimistic now	49%	37%	34%	19%	23%	22%	13%	20%
Same as one year ago	49%	58%	61%	59%	65%	72%	49%	46%
Not sure	0%	0%	0%	1%	1%	1%	1%	1%

Compared to one year ago, do you feel (more) optimistic about peace between Israel and the Palestinians, (less) optimistic, or has there NOT been much change in how you feel?

	2020	2021
More optimistic	16%	14%
Less optimistic	28%	25%
Hasn’t been much change	55%	60%
Don’t Know/Refused	1%	1%

In the current situation, do you favor or oppose a two-state solution through the establishment of a demilitarized Palestinian state on the West Bank?

	1993*	1994*	1995*	1998*	1999*	2002*	2003*	2004*	2005*	2006*	2007*	2009	2010	2018	2019
Favor Strongly														31%	33%
Favor Somewhat														28%	31%
Total Favor	57%	53%	46%	42%	44%	49%	54%	57%	56%	54%	46%	49%	48%	59%	66%
Oppose Somewhat														12%	12%
Oppose Strongly														18%	14%
Total Oppose	30%	34%	39%	49%	47%	47%	41%	37%	38%	38%	43%	41%	45%	30%	26%
Don’t Know/No Response	13%	13%	15%	9%	9%	5%	5%	6%	6%	9%	12%	1%	7%	10%	10%

*Different wording, which notably excludes mention of demilitarization, which would be expected to increase favorability. Also asked only favor/oppose. In the current situation, do you favor or oppose the establishment of a Palestinian state?

As part of a peace agreement with the Palestinians, should Israel be willing to dismantle all, some, or none of the Jewish settlements in the West Bank?

	1994*	1995	1998	1999	2002	2003	2004	2005	2009	2010	2018	2019
Yes, All	37%	5%	5%	5%	10%	12%	12%	15%	8%	8%	15%	25%
Some		52%	52%	53%	55%	57%	57%	46%	52%	56%	44%	41%
None	52%	39%	40%	40%	34%	29%	29%	36%	37%	34%	35%	28%
Don’t Know/No Response	8%	5%	3%	2%	2%	2%	2%	3%	2%	2%	6%	7%

*The question in 1994 combined the West Bank with Gaza and asked for a yes/no answer. "Yes" replies compare to the sum of "All" and "Some" replies in the other surveys.

Looking ahead five years, do you think that the chances for peaceful coexistence between Israel and a Palestinian state will...?

	2018	2019
Improve	18%	19%
Decline	22%	27%
Stay The Same	56%	51%
Don’t Know/No Response	3%	3%

Do you think there will or will not come a time when Israel and its Arab neighbors will be able to settle their differences and live in peace?

	2008	2007
Will	38%	37%
Will not	56%	55%
Not sure	6%	8%

Do you think that negotiations between Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas can or cannot lead to peace in the forseeable future?

	2007
Can	36%
Cannot	55%
Not sure	9%

Do you think that Israel can or cannot achieve peace with a Hamas-led Palestinian government?

	2007	2008	2009	2010
Can	17%	22%	17%	16%
Cannot	74%	68%	79%	80%
Not sure	9%	10%	4%	4%

Should the Palestinians be required or not be required to recognize Israel as a Jewish state in a final peace agreement?

	2009	2010
Required	94%	94%
Not required	5%	3%
Not sure	2%	1%

Do you support or oppose the Israeli government’s decision to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip?

	2004
Support	65%
Oppose	28%
Not sure	7%

Do you support or oppose the Israeli government’s decision to build a security fence separating Israelis and Palestinians?

	2005	2004
Support	73%	69%
Oppose	24%	28%
Not sure	3%	3%

To what extent do each of the following Arab leaders support or oppose peace with Israel?

	President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt	President Bashar Assad of Syria	King Abdullah of Jordan	PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat	Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas
Strongly support
2005	12%	1%	21%		5%
2002	8%	1%	12%	1%
2000	19%	2%	17%	7%
Somewhat support
2005	48%	10%	42%		29%
2002	50%	13%	46%	7%
2000	48%	17%	44%	33%
Somewhat oppose
2005	19%	22%	18%		26%
2002	24%	32%	22%	20%
2000	12%	28%	13%	25%
Strongly oppose
2005	9%	51%	10%		28%
2002	8%	39%	9%	70%
2000	6%	28%	8%	28%
Not sure
2005	12%	17%	11%		13%
2002	10%	15%	11%	3%
2000	15%	25%	19%	8%

Overall, do you support or oppose the Israeli government’s handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs?

	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997*	1998*	2000	2003+
Support	84	77	68	79	61	66	59	60
Oppose	9	10	15	13	24	27	24	32
Not sure	8	14	17	8	15	7	17	8

*The question in 1997 began by first noting the election of Netanyahu, then inserting his name in place of the word "Israeli." In 1998, "Netanyahu was used instead of "Israeli."
+The question in 2003 asked about negotiations with "the Palestinian Authority" and not "the Arabs."

If the Palestinian Authority (PLO) unilaterally declares statehood, what response by Israel would you most favor?

	2000
Israel should accept the declaration of statehood	24%
Israel should break off negotiations with the Palestinians	28%
Israel should annex the remainder of the West Bank	17%
Other	18%
Not sure	13%

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? “The goal of the Arabs is not the return of occupied territories but rather the destruction of Israel.”

	1993	1994	1995	1998	1999	2000	2002	2003	2005	2006	2007	2009	2010
Agree	42%	51%	56%	68%	66%	69%	82%	81%	78%	81%	82%	75%	75%
Disagree	50%	41%	37%	24%	27%	23%	15%	16%	18%	13%	12%	19%	20%
Not sure	9%	8%	7%	7%	7%	8%	4%	3%	5%	6%	6%	5%	5%

How concerned are you that the United States will pressure Israel to make concessions to the Palestinians in order to keep the Arab countries in the anti-terrorist coalition? Are you very concerned, somewhat concerned, or not concerned at all? (2002)

Very concerned	35%
Somewhat concerned	47%
Not concerned at all	18%
Not sure	0%

Do you support or oppose the Israeli government’s current handling of relations with Yasir Arafat’s Palestinian Authority? [...with the Palestinian Authority? 2004]

	2005	2004	2003	2002
Support	67%	63%	60%	67%
Oppose	26%	28%	32%	29%
Not sure	7%	9%	8%	5%

Do you think there will or will not come a time when Israel and the Arabs will be able to settle their differences and live in peace?

	2006	2007	2009
Will	38%	37%	43%
Will not	56%	55%	51%
Not sure	6%	8%	6%

Jerusalem

Do you support or oppose the recent U.S. decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital and to relocate the U.S. embassy there?

	2018
Support	46%
Oppose	47%
Don’t Know/No Response	6%

In the framework of a permanent peace with the Palestinians, should Israel be willing to compromise on the status of Jerusalem as a united city under Israeli jurisdiction?

	1993	1994	1995	1998	1999	2000	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2009	2010
Yes	30%	32%	33%	33%	42%	36%	41%	42%	42%	36%	40%	36%	37%	35%
No	62%	60%	62%	61%	55%	57%	55%	54%	53%	60%	52%	58%	58%	61%
Not sure	8%	8%	5%	5%	4%	7%	4%	4%	5%	5%	7%	7%	6%	4%

If yes, to previous question) In the framework of a permanent peace with the Palestinians, should Israel be willing to relinquish sovereignty of the Old City of Jerusalem?

	2000
Yes	17%
No	76%
Not sure	7%

Golan Heights

Do you support or oppose the recent American recognition of the Golan Heights as Israeli territory?

	2019
Support	50%
Oppose	39%
Don’t Know/No Response	11%

How much land should Israel be willing to give up on the Golan Heights in order to reach a peace agreement with Syria?

	1993	1994	1995	1998	1999
All of it	2	3	2	2	2
Most of it	5	4	3	3	4
Some of it	29	27	26	23	23
Only a small part of it	30	27	28	26	32
None of it	27	32	33	42	37
Not sure	6	7	7	3	2

Jewish Identity

Thinking about now compared with before October 7, would you say that you feel: (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
More connected to Jewish identity	48%
Less connected to Jewish identity	4%
Neither more nor less connected	48%

How important is being Jewish in your life? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2018	2019	2020	2021	2024
Very Important	50%	54%	50%	55%	61%	61%	50%	40%	41%	39%	41%	36%
Somewhat/Fairly Important	38%	34%	38%	33%	28%	29%	36%	37%	35%	41%	38%	36%
Total Important	88%	88%	88%	88%	89%	90%	86%	77%	76%	80%	79%	72%
Not Too/Very Important	12%	12%	11%	12%	10%	10%	13%	17%	17%	16%	17%	21%
Not At All Important								6%	7%	5%	4%	8%
Total Not Important								23%	24%	21%		28%
Not Sure/No Opinion*							1%	1%

* Added in 2008
Wording of answer changed slightly.

Do you identify as...? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2018	2019	2020	2024
Haredi (Ultra-Orthodox)								6%	7%
Modern Orthodox								5%	3%
Orthodox / Total Orthodox	7%	8%	7%	10%	8%	8%	8%	11%	10%	9%	8%
Conservative	31%	33%	31%	32%	33%	29%	28%	14%	13%	12%	15%
Reform	30%	30%	29%	29%	31%	30%	30%	29%	29%	27%	32%
Reconstructionist	2%	2%	2%	2%	2%	2%	1%	3%	3%	5%	2%
Secular / Just Jewish	30%	28%	30%	26%	24%	29%	31%	16%	21%	43%	29%
Other						2%	2%	25%	23%		8%

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: “Caring about Israel is a very important part of my being a Jew.”

	2000*	2002*	2003*	2004*	2005*	2006*	2007	2018	2019	2023*
Total Agree	80%	73%	76%	74%	79%	74%	69%	70%	62%	80%
Total Disagree	18%	26%	22%	25%	19%	25%	28	28%	35%	20%

*Thinking about what being Jewish means to you, how important is caring about Israel to you? Total Important/Not important. October 5 - November 21, 2023.

Do you consider being Jewish mostly a matter of religion, or more a matter of ethnicity and culture?

	2018	2019
Religion	24%	24%
Ethnicity and Culture	56%	59%
Both Equally	17%	16%
Don’t Know/No Response	2%	1%

Security and Anti-Semitism

Do you think anti-Semitism in the United States is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all? (AJC, Jews September 9-October 4, 2020, September 11 - October 6, 2019, September 1-October 3, 2021, October 5-November 21, 2023, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2003	2007	2010	2016	2017	2019	2020	2021	2023	2024
A problem	97%	87%	91%	73%	84%	88%	88%	90%	93%	93%
Not a problem	3%	12%	9%	26%	16%	12%	11%	10%	6%	7%

*Alternative wording: How much of a problem, if at all, do you think anti-Semitism is in the United States today?

How would you rate your level of knowledge about the history and modern expressions of antisemitism? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Know a lot	38%
Know some	51%
Don’t know much	10%
Don’t know much at all	1%

Since the Hamas terrorist attacks on Israel on October 7, do you think that anti-Semitism in the U.S. has: (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Increased	86%
Decreased	1%
Stayed the same	12%

Since October 7, how safe do you feel, if at all, wearing Jewish symbols out in public? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Safe	39%
Unsafe	42%
Not applicable	19%

Since October 7, how safe do you feel, if at all, spending time in a synagogue, JCC, or another Jewish institution or building? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Safe	49%
Unsafe	27%
Not applicable	23%

Since October 7, how safe do you feel, if at all, sharing your views on Israel on social media? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Safe	29%
Unsafe	45%
Not applicable	26%

Since October 7, how safe do you feel, if at all, sharing your views on Israel with friends? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Safe	71%
Unsafe	22%
Not applicable	8%

Have you considered leaving the United States due to anti-Semitism to move to another country since October 7? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Yes	7%
No	93%

Have you considered leaving the United States due to antisemitism to move to another country in the past 5 years prior to October 7? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Yes	6%
No	94%

Since October 7, have you ended a friendship or relationship because the person expressed antisemitic views? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Yes	12%
No	88%

Do you approve or disapprove of the way President Biden is handling the threat of anti-Semitism?

	2021
Approve Strongly	24%
Approve Somewhat	40%
Disapprove Somewhat	11%
Disapprove Strongly	12%
Don’t Know/No Response	13%

Compared to a year ago, do you think Americans are more united or more divided over their most important values?

	2019
More united than a year ago	10%
More divided than a year ago	81%
About the same as a year ago	6%
No Opinion	2%

Compared to a year ago, is the status of Jews in the United States more secure or less secure?

	2018	2019
More secure	18%	15%
Less secure	55%	65%
About the same	24%	17%
No Opinion	3%	3%

Compared to a year ago, is the climate on college campuses less hostile or more hostile toward pro-Israel students?

	2018	2019
Less hostile	10%	9%
More hostile	53%	57%
About the same	14%	17%
No Opinion	22%	18%

Do you think that anti-Semitism on American college campuses is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all?

	2002	2003	2004	2005
Very serious problem	23%	28%	24%	25%
Somewhat of a problem	57%	54%	56%	54%
Not a problem at all	12%	11%	12%	13%
Not sure	7%	8%	8%	9%

Anti-Semitic incidents have become more frequent in Europe. Do you think that Jews have a future as Jews in Europe, or should they leave now? [slightly different wording in different polls]

	2018	2019
Jews Have a Future in Europe	75%	75%
Jews in Europe Should Leave Now	17%	17%
Don’t Know/No Response	8%	8%

Do you think anti-Semitism in Europe is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all?

	2002	2003	2010
Very serious problem	41%	55%	51%
Somewhat of a problem	53%	41%	44%
Not a problem at all	3%	2%	3%
Not sure	3%	2%	2%

Do you think that anti-Semitism around the world is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all?

	2009
Very serious problem	56%
Somewhat of a problem	43%
Not a problem at all	1%
Not sure	1%

I am going to name some countries around the world. In each case tell me whether anti-Semitism in the country is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all. (American Jewish Committee)

	Germany	Mexico	France	China	Great Britain	India	Russia	Turkey	Japan
Very serious problem
2005	24%	2%	54%	5%	7%	4%	29%	14%	2%
Somewhat of a problem
2005	64%	44%	38%	38%	57%	42%	58%	61%	54%
Not a problem at all
2005	8%	45%	6%	46%	33%	43%	10%	15%	34%
Not Sure
2005	3%	10%	2%	11%	3%	12%	3%	10%	11%

Does the involvement of the United States in global affairs make our country more safe or less safe?

	2018
More	64%
Less	29%
Don’t Know/No Response	8%

In your opinion, which foreign nation poses the single greatest danger to the United States?

	2018	2019
China	10%	21%
Iran	18%	14%
North Korea	17%	12%
Russia	44%	36%
Another Country	7%	10%
Don’t Know/No Response	4%	7%

From the standpoint of national security, compared to a year ago, is the United States more secure or less secure?

	2018
More	27%
Less	58%
The Same	13%
Don’t Know/No Response	2%

Looking ahead over the next several years, do you think that anti-Semitism in the United States will increase greatly, increase somewhat, remain the same, decrease somewhat, or decrease greatly?

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2007
Increase greatly	9%	10%	9%	7%	18%
Increase somewhat	35%	39%	33%	33%	37%
Remain the same	46%	42%	45%	48%	36%
Decrease somewhat	8%	7%	9%	9%	5%
Decrease greatly	1%	1%	2%	1%	1%
Not sure	2%	1%	3%	2%	4%

Looking ahead over the next several years, do you think that anti-Semitism around the world will increase greatly, increase somewhat, remain the same, decrease somewhat, or decrease greatly?

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2009	2010
Increase greatly	13%	20%	19%	16%	17%	15%	14%
Increase somewhat	42%	47%	42%	38%	36%	30%	36%
Remain the same	38%	26%	31%	40%	36%	42%	41%
Decrease somewhat	5%	4%	6%	5%	7%	9%	7%
Decrease greatly	1%	1%	1%	1%	1%	1%	1%
Not sure	2%	2%	2%	1%	3%	2%	1%

In your opinion, what proportion of each of the following groups in the United States is anti-Semitic? most, many, some, very few, or none?

	Most (2007)	Aggregate# (2007)	Most (2006)	Aggregate# (2006)	Most (2005)	Aggregate# (2005)	Most (2004)	Aggregate# (2004)	Most (2003)	Aggregate# (2003)	Most (2002)	Aggregate# (2002)
Asians	2%	35%	2%	43%	1%	43%	2%	44%	2%	46%	2%	38%
Muslims	31%	84%	32%	88%	31%	88%	36%	91%	28%	88%	31%	80%
Hispanics	2%	46%	2%	54%	2%	58%	4%	63%	3%	60%	3%	56%
Blacks	7%	69%	5%	76%	5%	73%	7%	78%	6%	76%	6%	76%
Evangelical Protestants*	9%	61%	9%	65%	13%	72%	10%	70%	20%	78%	19%	76%
Catholics	4%	62%	5%	68%	5%	71%	4%	75%	5%	73%	4%	70%
Mormons**							5%	53%	4%	69%	3%	65%

#Sum of Most, Many and Some
*Changed in 2004 to Evangelical Protestants from The Religious Right
**Changed in 2004 to Mormons from Mainstream Protestants

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? "Virtually all positions of influence in the United States are open to Jews."

	2002
Agree	56%
Disagree	44%
Not sure	0%

Do you think that anti-Semitism at the United Nations is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all?

	2002
Very serious problem	29%
Somewhat of problem	55%
Not a problem at all	13%
Not sure	4%

Lebanon

In the fighting between Hezbollah and Israel in Lebanon, who emerged the winner?

	2006
Hezbollah	15%
Israel	24%
Neither (vol.)	49%
Both (vol.)	2%
Not sure	10%

Do you approve or disapprove of the way the Israeli government has handled the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon?

	2006
Approve	55%
Disapprove	35%
Not sure	10%

Do you approve or disapprove of the way the United States government has handled the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon?

	2006
Approve	53%
Disapprove	39%
Not sure	8%

Do you think that the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon is likely to lead to a larger war involving other countries in the Middle East or not?

	2006
Yes, likely	46%
No, not likely	44%
Not sure	10%

In your opinion, does the United Nations treat Israel fairly or unfairly in its deliberations?

	2007	2006
Fairly	27%	27%
Unfairly	61%	66%
Not sure	12%	7%

World Affairs And Transatlantic Relations

How desirable is it that the United States exerts strong leadership in world affairs? Is it very desirable, somewhat desirable, somewhat undesirable, or very undesirable?

	2004	2003
Very desirable	45%	43%
Somewhat desirable	42%	44%
Somewhat undesirable	2%	8%
Very undesirable	9%	3%
Not sure	1%	1%

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? "When dealing with common problems, the United States and Europe should be more willing to make decisions jointly, even if this means that the United States, as well as Europe, will sometimes have to go along with a policy that is not its first choice."

	2004	2003
Agree	77%	75%
Disagree	21%	22%
Not sure	3%	3%

In general, in responding to international crises, do you think the United States should or should not act alone, if it does not have the support of its allies?

	2004	2003
Should act alone	33%	37%
Should not act alone	64%	60%
Not sure	3%	3%

Do you believe that the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon reflect the true teachings of Islam?

	2003
Yes	19%
No	76%
Not sure	5%

Terrorism/Hamas

How strongly do you approve or disapprove of the way President Biden is handling the Israel-Hamas war? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Approve	48%
Disapprove	43%

How important do you think it is for the United States to support Israel in the aftermath of October 7? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Important	85%
Not important	15%

Has discourse about the Israel-Hamas war affected your personal or work relationships in the following way? I have avoided talking about the Israel-Hamas war with someone. (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Yes	53%
No	47%

Has discourse about the Israel-Hamas war affected your personal or work relationships in the following way? I have lost a friendship or relationship because we disagree about the Israel-Hamas war. (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Yes	13%
No	86%

Has discourse about the Israel-Hamas war affected your personal or work relationships in the following way? I have felt unsafe in an in-person or virtual conversation about the Israel-Hamas war. (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Yes	17%
No	83%

Has discourse about the Israel-Hamas war affected your personal or work relationships in the following way? I have hidden my Jewish identity or chosen not to disclose it when meeting someone new. (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Yes	27%
No	72%

Do you approve or disapprove of the way President George W. Bush is handling the U.S. campaign against terrorism?

	2004*	2003	2002
Approve	42%	41%	59%
Disapprove	52%	54%	37%
Not sure	6%	5%	5%

*Do you approve or disapprove of the way the United States government is handling the campaign against terrorism?

Compared to one year ago, do you feel more safe from the threat of terrorism, less safe, or about as safe as you felt one year ago?

	2006	2007
More	8%	5%
Less	31%	22%
Same	61%	73%
Not sure	0%	1%

Do you think that Americans will or will not have to give up some of their personal freedoms in order to make the country safe from terrorist attacks?

	2002
Will	78
Will not	20
Not sure	2

Is the Palestinian Authority (PLO) doing enough or not doing enough to control terrorist activity against Israel by Hamas and other Palestinian extremist groups?

	1995	1996	1998	1999	2002
Is doing enough	5%	9%	3%	6%	1%
Is not doing enough	91%	82%	94%	91%	98%
Not sure	4%	9%	3%	4%	1%

Here are some increased powers of investigation that law enforcement agencies might use when dealing with people suspected of terrorist activity, which would also affect our civil liberties. For each, please say if you would favor or oppose it.

	2002	2002	2002
	Favor	Oppose	Not sure
Expanded undercover activities to penetrate groups under suspicious	86	12	2
Adoption of a national I.D. system for all U.S. citizens	67	30	3
Expanded camera surveillance on streets and in public places	65	33	3
Profiling of people and searching them based on their nationality, race, or religion	35	62	2

Regardless of how you usually vote, do you think the Republican party or the Democratic party is more likely to make the right decision when it comes to dealing with terrorism?

	2007	2006
Republican	30%	28%
Democrat	53%	51%
Both (vol.)	2%	5%
Neither (vol.)	8%	10%
Not sure	7%	6%

Domestic Campaign Issues

If the presidential election were held today, for whom would you most likely vote? Whom did you vote for? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2020	2021	2024
Joe Biden	75%	68%	61%
Donald Trump	22%	21%	23%
Someone else	2%	4%	10%
Will not/did not vote	1%	5%	6%

Which of the two major party candidates for president would be better for the U.S.-Israel relationship? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2020	2024
Donald Trump	42%	25%
Joe Biden	54%	49%
Neither/Don’t Know	4%	13%

Which of the two major party candidates for president would be better at combating anti-Semitism in the U.S.? (AJC, March 12-April 6, 2024)

	2024
Donald Trump	20%
Joe Biden	55%
Neither/Don’t Know	24%

Which of the two major party candidates for president would be better at combating terrorism?

	2020
Donald Trump	26%
Joe Biden	71%
Neither/Don’t Know	3%

Which of the two major party candidates for president would be better at dealing effectively with Iran?

	2020
Donald Trump	27%
Joe Biden	71%
Neither/Don’t Know	3%

Which of the two major party candidates for president would be better at combating antisemitism in the U.S.?

	2020
Donald Trump	22%
Joe Biden	75%
Neither/Don’t Know	3%

Who did you vote for for President in 2016?

	2018	2020
Hillary Clinton	60%	62%
Donald Trump	19%	16%
Another Candidate	6%	7%
Didn’t Vote	11%	14%

In deciding who you would like to see elected president next year, which issue will be most important to you? Please select one of the following.
Among the following choices, what do you think are the most important issues in deciding how you will vote in the 2016 presidential election?
Which of the following is the most important issue for you in deciding how you will vote in the 2020 presidential election?

	2007	2016	2020
The COVID-19 pandemic			26%
Foreign Policy		10%	5%
War in Iraq	16%
Economy and jobs	23%	29%	13%
Terrorism and national security	14%	16%
Health care	19%	9%	17%
Support for Israel	6%
Immigration	6%	4%
Education	4%
Energy crisis / Climate Change	6%	9%
Federal Deficit		2%
Taxes		3%
Race Relations		4%	12%
Crime			6%
Another issue		12%
Not sure	5%

Which one issue would you most like to hear the candidates for president discuss during the 2008 presidential campaign? ( September 8-21, 2008)

Economy	54%
War in Iraq	6%
Health Care	11%
Immigration	2%
Energy	5%
Education	2%
Israel	3%
Taxes	2%
Social Security	2%
Supreme Court Nominations	1%
Terrorism	5%
Not Sure	6%

Regardless of how you usually vote, do you think the Republican Party or the Democratic Party is more likely to make the right decision in dealing with the following issues? September 8-21, 2008)

	Republican	Democratic	Not Sure
Terrorism	36%	53%	11%
Ensuring a strong economy	28%	62%	10%
Support for Israel	32%	52%	16%
Energy independence	26%	63%	11%
War in Iraq	31%	61%	7%

What is the most important problem facing the United States today? Please select one of the following.

	2007
War in Iraq	16%
Economy and jobs	22%
Terrorism and national security	15%
Health care	19%
Immigration	8%
Education	8%
Energy crisis	7%
Not sure	4%

Which comes closest to your view about what the government policy should be towards illegal immigrants currently residing in the United States? Should the government deport all illegal immigrants back to their home country, OR allow illegal immigrants to remain in the United States in order to work but only for a limited amount of time, OR allow illegal immigrants to remain in the United States and become U.S. citizens but only if they meet certain requirements over a period of time?

	2006	2007
Deport all	14%	15%
Remain to work for limited amount of time	17%	14%
Remain to work if meet certain criteria	66%	67%
Not sure	3%	4%

How serious a problem do you think the issue of illegal immigration is for the United States right now — very serious, somewhat serious, not too serious, or not a problem at all?

	2006	2007
Very serious problem	40%	42%
Somewhat serious problem	38%	37%
Not too serious problem	17%	16%
Not a problem at all	4%	5%
Not sure	1%	0%

When the Senate votes on a Supreme court nominee, should it consider only that person’s legal qualifications and background, or along with legal background, should the Senate also consider how that nominee might vote on major issues the Supreme Court decides?

	2005
Legal Only	27%
Issues, too	70%
Not sure	3%

If a nominee for the U.S. Supreme Court favors overturning the Roe v. Wade decision on abortion, in your view, should that alone disqualify that person from serving on the Supreme Court, or not?

	2005
Should	50%
Should not	49%
Not sure	2%

Do you think the number of immigrants from foreign countries who are permitted to come to the United States to live should be increased a lot, increased a little, left the same as it is now, decreased a little, or decreased a lot?

	2003	2002
Increased a lot	4	3
Increased a little	11	9
Left the same as it is now	43	43
Decreased a little	21	21
Decreased a lot	20	22
Not sure	2	2

Which do you think is better for the United States - to encourage immigrants to blend into American culture by giving up some important aspects of their own culture, or to encourage immigrants to maintain their own culture more strongly, even if that means they do not blend in as well?

	2002
Blend in	61%
Maintain own culture	31%
Both	4%
Not sure	4%

Do you think that the government should or should not provide taxpayer funds for social service programs run by religious institutions, such as churches or synagogues?

	2002	2003	2005
Should	24%	25%	32%
Should not	73%	73%	66%
Not sure	3%		3%

Do you favor or oppose government aid to parochial or other religious schools?

	2002	2003	2004
Favor	22%	25%	25%
Oppose	76%	73%	72%
Not sure	2%	2%	3%

Which comes closest to your view? Gay couples should be allowed to legally marry. OR, Gay couples should be allowed to form civil unions but not legally marry. OR, There should be no legal recognition of a gay couple’s relationship? (2004)

Legal marriage	49%
Civil union	36%
No legal recognition	13%
Not sure	2%

Would you favor or oppose an amendment to the United States Constitution that defines marriage as a union only between a man and a woman and makes same-sex marriages unconstitutional? (2004)

Favor	24%
Oppose	74%
Not sure	2%

A federal appeals court has ruled that the Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional and cannot be recited in schools because the phrase ’under God’ violates the separation of church and state. Do you think the phrase ’under God’ should or should not be part of the Pledge of Allegiance? (2003)

Should	66%
Should not	31%
Not sure	3%

In your opinion, how important is it that the United States achieve energy independence? Is it very important, somewhat important, or not important at all?

	2002	2003	2005	2006
Very important	71%	73%	77%	81%
Somewhat important	27%	24%	21%	18%
Not important	2%	2%	1%	1%
Don’t Know/Not Application	1%	1%	0%	1%

What is the best way for the United States to handle its energy needs--by encouraging greater energy production, by encouraging greater energy conservation, or both equally?

	2002	2005	2006	2008
Greater energy production	6%	6%	5%	7%
Greater energy conservation	18%	11%	9%	6%
Developing alternative energy sources*		72%	74%	75%
Both equally / All Three*	75%	11%	11%	10%
Don’t Know/No Answer	1%	1%	2%	2%

*Added in 2005

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? "The United States should develop independent sources of energy even at the risk of damaging the environment."

	2007
Agree	22%
Disagree	73%
Not sure	5%

Iraq

Do you approve or disapprove of the war with Iraq?

	2002*	2003**	2004	2005
Approve	59%	43%	30%	28%
Disapprove	36%	54%	66%	70%
Not sure	5%	3%	4%	2%

*Do you approve or disapprove of the United States taking military action against Iraq to try and remove Saddam Hussein from power?
*(Do you approve or disapprove of the war with Iraq?

In your opinion, do you think that a war between the United States and Iraq is likely to lead to a larger war between other countries in the Middle East?

	2002
Yes, likely	56
No, not likely	41
Not sure	3

As you may know, the United States has sent more than 20,000 additional troops to Iraq. From what you have heard or read, would you say this troop increase is making the situation in Iraq better, making it worse, or is it having no impact on the situation in Iraq so far?

	2007
Better	30%
Worse	16%
No impact	52%
Not sure	3%

Which of these do you think is most likely? Iraq will become a stable democracy in the next year or two, OR Iraq will become a stable democracy, but it will take longer than a year or two, OR Iraq will probably never become a stable democracy?

	2006
Will in the next year or two	3%
Will take longer than a year or two	27%
Will never become a stable democracy	66%
Not sure	4%

If the United States takes military action against Iraq, do you think the threat of terrorism against the United States will increase, decrease, or stay about the same? 2002)
Do you think the threat of terrorism against the United States has increased, decreased, or stayed about the same as a result of the war with Iraq?

	2002	2003	2004
Increased	62%	42%	57%
Decreased	6%	9%	37%
Stay about the same	32%	48%	35%
Not sure	1%	1%	1%

In your opinion, do you think that a war between the United States and Iraq is likely to lead to a larger war between other countries in the Middle East?

	2002
Yes, likely	56%
No, not likely	41%
Not sure	3%

Islamic World

Do you agree or disagree with those who claim that the West and the Muslim world are engaged in a clash of civilizations?

	2002	2007
Agree	64%	63%
Disagree	29%	26%
Not sure	7%	10%

Do you think that anti-Semitism in the Muslim world is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all?

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2010
Very serious problem	75%	77%	72%	76%	73%	68%	87%
Somewhat of a problem	22%	20%	22%	22%	23%	30%	11%
Not a problem at all	2%	2%	2%	1%	2%	1%	1%
Not sure	2%	1%	2%	1%	3%	1%	1%

International Jewish Issues

I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your overall opinion of INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? (2002)

I would like you to rate your feelings toward some countries, institutions and people, with one hundred meaning a very warm, favorable feeling, zero meaning a very cold, unfavorable feeling, and fifty meaning not particularly warm or cold. You can use any number from zero to one hundred. How would you rate your feelings toward [ ]. (2003/04)

	Mean Score (2005)	Mean Score (2004)	Mean Score (2003)	Very favorable (2002)	Some what favorable (2002)	Neutral (2002)	Somewhat unfavorable (2002)	Very unfavorable (2002)	Not sure (2002)
United States	82	84
Iran			27	1	2	11	30	56	0
Australia				50	29	19	1	1	1
Saudi Arabia			29	0	7	18	37	37	1
Germany	50	47	45	5	28	39	19	9	1
Jordan			43	4	27	32	27	10	1
Egypt			45	2	23	35	29	10	1
Great Britain		77	77	57	29	11	2	1	0
Pakistan				1	10	27	37	24	1
Russia		52	51	3	31	46	17	3	1
France	37	35	33	8	22	27	27	15	1
The Vatican	54	45	51	6	18	42	22	11	2
Syria			24	1	4	18	32	44	1
Turkey	51		52	6	28	43	18	4	2
India	57		55	4	25	47	20	3	1
China	46		44	1	19	39	29	10	1
Bulgaria				2	10	68	10	3	8
The European Union		57	54	--	--	--	--	--	--
Poland		56	56	--	--	--	--	--	--
The Palestinians Palestinian Authority)			21	--	--	--	--	--	--
Italy		59	62
Spain		57	62
South Africa	56		53
Mexico	59
Japan	62

I would like you to rate how various foreign governments feel toward Israel, with one hundred meaning a very warm, favorable feeling, zero meaning a very cold, unfavorable feeling, and fifty meaning not particularly warm or cold. You can use any number from zero to one hundred. How would you rate the government of [ ] in terms of feelings toward Israel?

	2003	2004	2005	2006
United States	76	76	75	77
Saudi Arabia	22
Germany	41	46	50	44
Jordan	33			36
Egypt	35			37
Great Britain	65	64		65
Poland	49	49
Iran	16
France	30	30	33	30
Syria	16			15
Turkey	45		45	38
India	47		50
The Vatican	49	43	54
Italy	54	50
Spain	53	49
Russia	45	43		38
South Africa	48		51
China	42		45	36
Mexico			48
Japan			53

Is your opinion of the United Nations very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable?

	2002	2005
Very favorable	9%	7%
Somewhat favorable	34%	32%
Neutral	22%	21%
Somewhat unfavorable	24%	23%
Very unfavorable	11%	18%
Not sure	0%	0%

I am going to name some countries in Europe. In each case tell me whether anti-Semitism in the country is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all. (2004)

	Very serious problem	Somewhat of a problem	Not a problem at all	Not sure
Germany	25%	65%	6%	4%
Great Britain	4%	60%	31%	4%
France	64%	29%	5%	3%
Italy	4%	64%	24%	8%
Spain	8%	63%	21%	8%
Russia	25%	64%	6%	4%
Belgium	6%	49%	33%	13%
Holland	4%	42%	45%	10%

In your opinion, what proportion of each of the following groups in Europe is anti-Semitic—most, many, some, very few, or none?

	Most (2004)	Aggregate# (2004)
Catholics	7%	79%
Muslims	43%	93%
The far Left	13%	69%
Protestants	4%	74%
The far Right	21%	78%

Holocaust

Please tell me if you agree strongly, agree somewhat, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with the following statement: “Nearly 60 years after the end of World War II, it is time to put the memory of the Nazi extermination of the Jews behind us.”

	2003
Agree strongly	4%
Agree somewhat	8%
Disagree somewhat	16%
Disagree strongly	71%
Not sure	0%

Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with the following statement: "Germany today is making a sincere effort to deal with the legacy of the Holocaust."

	2002	2004
Agree strongly	13%	18%
Agree somewhat	50%	53%
Disagree somewhat	24%	19%
Disagree strongly	10%	8%
Not sure	2%	3%

Source: “Survey of American Jewish Opinion,” American Jewish Committee, (1993-2021 - available years).